Comparing Dr. Faustus And Marlowe And Mamet - 983 Words

The story of Faust has inspired creative works for hundreds of years. The myth features an ambitious and intelligent man, usually a scholar, who desires more than his current situation can offer him and so makes a dangerous pact with the devil. Interpretations of this story range from classical music and opera to paintings and cartoons. From Goethe to Radiohead, Dr. Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and the chaos this desire produces have captivated artists of all disciplines. This paper will examine two theatrical depictions of this myth. A little more than 400 years separate the original productions of Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus and David Mamet’s Faustus, but both plays feature the bare†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it is this paper’s aim to examine some of the similarities and differences in Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus and David Mametâ€⠄¢s Faustus, specifically the presence of religious practices in these two texts. Christopher Marlowe wrote The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus during the Elizabethan Era, and the original production is said to have occurred in 1592 (David M. Bevington i). Queen Elizabeth I’s reign was one of religious conflict, political turmoil, and brilliant works by artists and therefore, church and state cannot be considered separately when discussing Elizabethan England. Her majesty was not only the commander, but also the head of the church. Under her reign, every English citizen was required by law to attend liturgical services. Membership to the church was a birthright and an obligation, as inescapable as participation in the political body of the commonwealth (Collinson 74-75). To illustrate, Richard Hooker offers an excellent image for Marlowe’s society: church and state resembled the sides or the base of a triangle (Hooker 336). Now, specifically, Calvinism was rapidly becoming the accepted doctrine in Elizabethan England, and the reli gious elements present in Marlowe’s version of Faust are almost certainly rooted in Calvinism. In the beginning of the play, Dr. Faustus dismisses his previous education as unfulfilling and makes a point to reject Divinity. This abhorrence of

Definition Of Beauty Essay - 829 Words

When you hear the word beauty or beautiful what do you think of? The way a person looks the way they are on the inside, or is it not even a human but things in nature. The definition of beauty has a very broad definition everyone has their own meanings their own thoughts on the subject. After a lot of research and interviewing two people getting the perspective of a male who I am very close to and a female who is just a girl in my class I have finally come to some kind of idea of what the word beauty really means. Also I will be finding out what the meaning of ugly is as well to understand what is and is not beautiful. Looking at the views of myself and two other people it really opened my eyes to how everyone has their own point of†¦show more content†¦If that is your definition of beauty what is your definition of ugly? In summary is it someone who is not a good person someone who is mean and lies. Something I learned from this interview is that it is not about what is on the outside, its about what is on the inside how a person acts not what their skin looks like, not what their wear or how well they do their makeup. All of those things are pretty, but it is not who they are, they could be pretty, but have an ugly heart, and that can make someone ugly in the eyes of other. These two interviews have opened my eyes into a new way of thinking. Beauty is a Kind and unique person and is different in their own way, looks aren’t everything. After I learned these things from actually speaking to people I did research online and read some interesting articles about what the meaning of beauty is. The definition of beauty is a concept that has haunted poets, artists and academics for centuries. In the 18th century beauty was the single most important idea in the history of aesthetics if you weren’t beautiful you were nothing since then not much has changed many women think in order to be beautiful you need to have perfect skin and perfect hair w ell the perfect body you need to be like the girls in the magazines because those are the girls that are happy. But not exactly I watched a ted talk called Looks aren’t everything. Believe me I’m a model. and on it was a model the type of girl everyShow MoreRelatedThe Definition of Beauty Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis Essay #2 The definition of beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty has negative and positive influences on mostly people. Beauty is described by the inside and outside of us. Due to beauty, our self-esteem has been hurt dramatically, especially towards girls. Beauty is not always about our outside looks but it’s about our inside personality also. First of all, beauty hasRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty The ways people view beauty have changed over time. Beauty has many definitions, and so many people think about it in different ways. Some people like external beauty and some like internal beauty and many people like both together. Beauty controls how people live and think, but it depends on which definition of beauty they choose to believe in. We live in a world that misunderstands the true meanings of pretty much everything. Thousands of years ago people knew and understood what theRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagestime? Most people judge beauty base on a person’s physical appearance. However, true beauty sis base on a person’s personality and a how a person treat someone else. The hardest thing is to describe beauty because everyone has their own views about beauty. In my opinion beauty has more to with the way someone see portray themselves. The expression â€Å"beauty† was first used in the 14th century as â€Å"physical attractiveness,† and also â€Å"goodness, courtesy.† The meaning of beauty also came from many placesRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is beauty? How do we decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of information telling us what is beautiful, but that fact is that information based on? The topic of beauty has been studied, analyzed and controversial for centuries. We all know the feeling you can have when you hear a beautiful song that brings joy to your heart, stands in a field of flowers that excites your eyes, or admires a face that is visually pleasing. As human beings, we are all drawn to beauty, but whatRead MoreThe Definition of Beauty Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertising to tell us what is beautiful and what is not. Whether we realize it or not, beauty is ultimately defined for us. Products are advertised all around us, tel ling us that something in our life is missing because we do not have a certain product in our possession. Ranging from make-up to plastic surgery, most of this advertising is geared toward women. This can be shown through the advertisements analyzed in this essay. Both ads depict women who are approachable. The older ad depicts simplicity andRead MoreDefinition Of Beauty Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesBeauty is commonly defined as the combination of qualities that pleases our senses, mostly our sight. Despite this, throughout many years, the concept of beauty has been considered one of the hardest riddles to solve. This happens not only because of all of what it covers, but also because of society’s beauty patterns. Society has been in charge in making people, mostly girls, to feel inferior because they do not complete this â€Å"beauty standards† in order to be considered beautiful. We need to beRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is beauty ? How do we define who is attractive and who is not? Is it the models posing on the front of magazine, or the confident, bright eyed person sitting across the room? Our society and media is full of advice telling us what beauty is or how to become beautiful. As human beings we are drawn to beauty, but what exactly is beauty? The phrase, â€Å"beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† is accurate since what one may consider beautiful can vary from what another may consider beautiful. SomeRead MoreAn Extended Definition of Beauty Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe subjective element of beauty involves judgment, not opinion. Many people feel beauty is only something seen by the eyes. St. Thomas Aquinas views beauty in both the supernatural and natural orders. Aquinas lists the attributes of beauty to be found in nature. These are; unity, proportion, and clarity. We will see how these attributes of beauty are seen through the eye and felt by the heart. To begin, the concept of unity follows the Aristotelian proposition that nothing can be added to or takenRead MoreBeauty Extended Definition Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesBeauty is something that can be interpreted completely different from person to person. A famous quote that goes along with this perfectly is â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder.† I think a person’s inner beauty should be taken into account when deciding whether or not a person is beautiful. Wikipedia’s definition of beauty is, â€Å"a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure or satisfaction† while Oxford Dictionary states, â€Å"beautyRead MoreHistorical Definitions of Beauty Essay2392 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout history, beauty in a person has been defined as someone with the physical appearance that was pleasant to the eye. Although beauty varies among different cultures and areas, people who are youn ger, with average looking symmetrical features, well proportioned bodies, along with some combination of inner beauty, are considered beautiful. The more average a persons’ features are to society the more attractive that person appears to be. Charles Darwin’s cousin, Francis Galton, was the first

An Analysis Of The Torso Of Aphrodite - 870 Words

During my visit to the Tampa Museum of Art, I observed and viewed various pieces from The Classical World exhibit. While I observed numerous works, I was drawn to a specific piece due to its uniqueness when compared to the other pieces in the exhibit. In this paper, I will be describing The Torso of Aphrodite, using my own viewpoints and the elements of formal art analysis, in order to explain the uniqueness when compared to other pieces in The Classical World exhibit. The Torso of Aphrodite was constructed in the 1st century A.D. and is made entirely of marble. The torso used to belong to a life-sized version statue of The Greek goddess of love Aphrodite. From the moment I saw this piece, I knew I was attracted to it in a deeper way. It†¦show more content†¦As the robe simultaneously conceals and reveals, it blends nicely into the lower part of her torso. Her body is proportioned smoothly, with no areas of obvious fault or imperfection. I think having those sensual characteristics adds to her overall beauty. This sculpture is comprised of marble, and due to its large size it was easier for me to develop an impression about the piece because I can focus on specific parts in more detail. To understand the piece, a very visual and detailed perspective is needed. Judging by the way the thighs are represented, it appears as though she is striking a contrapposto pose, which makes her appear static. She has most of her weight shifted on her left leg, but not all of it The focal point of this piece I believe is her robe. It skillfully falls down her left side, while leaving other parts exposed, drawing the main attention of this piece. Few different types of shapes are displayed, except the shape of her legs and the form of the robe. The physical texture was smooth throughout the entire piece, partly due to the material it is made of. There is only this one texture, as her robe and body parts all feel the same. The title of this piece is â€Å"Torso of Aphrodite/Venus†. This piece was discovered outside of Rome in 1771. Afterwards, it was purchased by a wealthy English collector, who displayed it in his home. Today, the piece resides at theShow MoreRelatedThe Tampa Museum Of Art1308 Words   |  6 Pagestrip, the museum’s activities, and what was on exhibit. After which, I will choose two works of art and preform an analysis on them. I will employ the formal elements and the principles of design to engage the first piece, â€Å"The Great Journey†. With my second choice â€Å"A Group of Cubans who left Manzanillo are Rescued at Sea†, I will discuss how applying an alternative contextual analysis would help in understanding the meaning behind the painting more. The museum was celebrating â€Å"Family Day†Read MoreAnalysis Of Thomas F. Mathews The Mistake Of The Emperor Mystique1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe paper serves as a critical analysis of Thomas F. Mathews’ â€Å"The Mistake of the Emperor Mystique† chapter in his book The Clash of Gods: A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art. The scope of the analysis extends only to the chapter, the works included in the chapter and some supplemental sources by other art historians. It examines Mathews’ central argument and auxiliary claims, paying attention to his use of sources. Additionally it probes the validity of his assertions, drawing comparisonsRead MorePlato s Theory Of Love1789 Words   |  8 Pages Plato was a philosopher from Classical Greece and an innovator of dialogue and dialect forms which provide some of the earliest existing analysis of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Among some of Plato s most prevalent works is his dialogue the Symposium, which records the conversation of a dinner party at which Socrates (amongst others) is a guest. Those who talk before Socrates share a tendency to celebrate the instinct of sex and regard love (eros) as a god whose goodnessRead MoreSocratess Theory Of Love1818 Words   |  8 Pageswhich provide some of the earliest existing analysis of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Among some of Plato s most prevalent works is his dialogue the Symposium, which records the conversation of a dinner party at which Socrates (amongst others) is a guest. Those who talk before Socrates share a tendency to celebrate the instinct of sex and regard love (eros) as a god whose goodness and beauty they compete (Naugle, 2016). However, Socrates sets himself apart from this beliefRead MoreCulture And Cultural Artifacts : The Phallus And The Vulva1878 Words   |  8 Pagesword â€Å"gymnasium† is actually derived from gymnà ³s, the Ancient Greek term for à ¢â‚¬Å"naked† (Friedman, 18). This great respect for the male form was embodied in the numerous kouroi, statues of nude young males consisting of a flaccid penis and muscular torso, that stood throughout the Greek world along with hermae, consisting of a stone head of Hermes above a square stone pillar with an erect phallus. By 500 B.C., most Athenians had a hermae at their front door (Friedman, 18). In addition, the AncientRead MoreThe Animal Kingdom, Animals Find A Mate For Procreation On The Basis Of Natural Selection2182 Words   |  9 PagesFrancois-Andre Vincent Zeuxis Choosing as Models the Most Beautiful Girls of the Town of Crotona. In the painting, a Greek artist lines up all the beautiful women of Crotona in order to combine all of their individual best features to create the Greek god Aphrodite. The painting shows the impossibility of perfect person, as this ideal person would have to host an amalgamation of superior qualities that most if not all the times are not simultaneously present in one body . Grotesques are ugly, comically warped

The Influence of Globalization on Movies Free Essays

The Influence of Globalization on movies Nowadays, movies, which are the most important entertainment of people, has spent much more money and time than before by a growing number of people. Different kinds of new movies play nearly everyday; and the way to watch a movie isn’t confined to the cinema. Along with the improvement of digital postproduction and digital effect is applied to the movies, they make people to be personally on the scene when you watch a movie. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Globalization on Movies or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the past twenty years, the changes of the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have already influenced entertainment for people deeply. As we know, globalization on movies and films’ changes in the past twenty years had an effect on people’s daily life, so it was the reason for choosing this topic. We worked out six questionnaires about the project after deciding on the topic. We had 3 yes/no questions, for instance, do you like watching movies, how many movies do you watch per month and traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. In addition, we had a multiple choice in our survey, it is â€Å"Which kind of films do you like†. Besides these, two open questions were chosen, one is â€Å"What aspects of movie do you think have changed? †, another is â€Å"Which ways do you often watch movies? †. Our group planned to ask 12 people to answer the questions when we were finishing the questionnaires, so each group’s member needed to ask 3 people about the questions. Only my roommates were asked, and all questions were answered by a pencil. These men who were asked to answer the questions because of convenience; I could take up too much of their time to explain the project, the topic and the detail of the questions, too. The result was collected together when we finished asking the questions. The outcome of our survey is that all the interviewees like to watch movies. However, half of them watch movies less than 5 per month, nearly half of the interviewees watch 6 to 10 movies per month . Only one interviewee watches movies more than 20 per month. Disaster film and comedy film are the most popular movies among the interviewees, many people watch science fiction film and cartoon film as well. Fewer interviewees like watching crime film. A majority of people consider that movies’ theme need to change most because they want to watch a variety of movies. Meanwhile, the way to watch a movie is infinite variety, such as internet, at home by a DVD, cinema and web TV phone. Most interviewees also believe that traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. It can be seen from the survey’s figures that the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have changed most in the past twenty years. Over the past days, only cinema was supplied for people who wanted to watch a movie. But now, more and more people watch movies at home through Family Cinema and computer because they make people comfortably. People can sit on the sofa even or lie in bed to watch a movie, and they are able to have some food and drink at the same time. However, in my opinion, movies’ changes which affect entertainment of people most is movie technology, particularly is computer digital special effects’ appearance. Digital special effect is not only a supplement for film editing, it have already penetrated into every aspect of movies, such as screenplay, scene, stage-ties and postproduction. The directors’ imagination is also at liberty to gallop on through the digital special effect. It makes people to be personally on the scene and shock each audience’s ghost. There is no doubt that people’s daily life is closed related to movies, and they play a very significant role in people’s entertainment life. Movies’ changes have never terminated in the past twenty years, and film industry has undergone enormous changes. How to cite The Influence of Globalization on Movies, Papers

Microbiology Steps in Adenoviral DNA

Question: What is latency, and which viruses have the potential for latency and why? Why are vaccines for influenza not always effective? Define cytopathic effect. How do viruses differ from bacteria? List the eight human herpesviruses, describe their similarities, and how they affect humans. Describe each of the hepatitis viruses, include nucleic acid type, transmission, and effect on humans. Answer: Describe how viruses multiply. Viruses do not have enzymes for protein or energy production. A virus multiplies by invading host cells and directing the host machinery to produce viral enzymes, proteins and nucleic acids. Its uses host cells ATP storage to power through the processes (IbriimoviĆ¡ et al.,2013). What is latency, and which viruses have the potential for latency and why? Latency is the capacity of some viruses to lie dormant in a host cell for a prolonged period (Sin Dittmer, 2013). Several eukaryotic viruses including herpesviridae and retroviridae show latency. Latency is a part of certain virus life cycle. After initial infection, the viral particles stop proliferating and any reaction with the host cell stops. Why are vaccines for influenza not always effective? The effectiveness of influenza vaccines depend upon age, risk group and health of the patient. The year and the time also influence the effectiveness of flu vaccine. Define cytopathic effect. When viral infections cause structural changes in host cells, the resulting effect is called cytopathic effect. The virus lyses the host cell and treats it as its own reproductive unit. How do viruses differ from bacteria? Bacteria have ribosome while viruses do not, bacteria have cell wall but viruses do not have cell wall, bacteria reproduce by fission while viruses reproduce by invading host cells. These are the few differenced between bacteria and viruses. List the eight human herpes viruses; describe their similarities, and how they affect humans. The eight human herpes viruses are: HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or VZV, HHV-4, HHV-5, HHV-6A and 6B, HHV-7, HHV-8 HHV-1,2 and 3 are from the alpha subfamily. Whereas HHV-5,6A, 6B and HHV-7 are from the beta subfamily and HHV-4 as well as HHV-8 are from the gamma subfamily. HHV-1 and 2 cause oral and genital herpes, HHV-3 cause chickenpox and shingles, HHV-4 causes a number of infectious disease. The other viruses affect also cause infections. HHV-1: site of latency-neuron, transmission-sexual contact, effect-oral/genital herpes HHV-2: site of latency-neuron, transmission-sexual contact, effect- oral/genital herpes HHV-3: site of latency-neuron, transmission-respiratory and close contact, effect- chicken pox and shingles HHV-4: site of latency-B-cell, transmission- close contact, transfusion, tissue transplant and congenital, effect- infectious diseases HHV-5: site of latency-monocyte and lymphocyte, transmission- saliva, urine and breast milk, effect- infectious mononucleosis-like symptom HHV-6A and B: site of latency-T-cell, transmission-Respiratory and close contact, effect- sixth disease HHV-7: site of latency-T-cell, transmission- not decided, effect- roseola infantum HHV-8: site of latency-B-cell, transmission- close contact, effect- Kaposis Sarcoma, etc. Describe each of the hepatitis viruses, include nucleic acid type, transmission, and effect on humans. HEP A HEP B HEP C HEP D HEP E HEP F HEP G Nuclei Acid Type SSRNA DNA SSRNA Negative sense SSRNA SSRNA - SSRNA Transmission Faeco-oral route Blood bourne Blood bourne Faeco-oral route Faeco-oral - Faeco-oral Effect on Humans Fever, Jaundice, Altered LFT Fever, Hepatitis leading to fulmina failure More chronic hepatitis, fever, Jjaundice, altered LFT Fever, Altered LFT, Jaundice Fever, Altered LFT, Jaundice - Mild to no symtptoms References IbriimoviĆ¡, M., Lion, T., Klein, R. (2013). Combinatorial targeting of 2 different steps in adenoviral DNA replication by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and artificial microRNA expression for the inhibition of virus multiplication in the presence of ganciclovir.BMC biotechnology,13(1), 1. Sin, S. H., Dittmer, D. P. (2013). Viral latency locus augments B-cell response in vivo to induce chronic marginal zone enlargement, plasma cell hyperplasia, and lymphoma.Blood,121(15), 2952-2963.

Reaching the Peak of my Mountain free essay sample

Being enrolled into elementary school marked the day that the first brick on my pathway would be cemented to the ground never to be removed again. This marked just the beginning of my thirteen years of paperwork to prove my work ethic and intelligence to my peers and colleagues.However, working and worrying about other matters during these years seemed to occupy my workspace. I didn’t always care for grades and the ever so critical GPA that determines everything. Even though my grades aren’t the best of the century, I know I’m not a quitter. Just a few months ago in the summer of 2014, I remember a challenging task that I didn’t think would teach me such a great life lesson. Being with my friends in Colorado, visiting our friend that recently moved there for his dads work. Like any other person from Texas, seeing a mountain can be breathtaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaching the Peak of my Mountain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being in the youth age, I immediately wanted to reach the peak of a mountain once we settled into my friend’s home. Once we arrived to a mountain suitable for us to climb, looking at it from the basin truly made me feel meaningless to the scale of the Mountain, the Earth, and the Cosmos.Already, the altitude in Colorado knocks the breath out of me within just a few steps. Continually climbing upwards using my hands and feet for over four hours was one of the most difficult things I could have ever imagined. Although looking back now, the challenge improved me. Halfway up the mountain, once we found a clear spot for a beautiful scenery spot just seeing the size of our car at the bottom was jaw dropping.I wanted to keep going up the mountain to reach the peak and view a full panorama of the world around me. Things just got more challenging though, I kept wanting to turn around and travel down the mountain, but my friends kept continuing forward, so I couldn’t turn back now.We finally hit the steepest part of the mountain with rocks attached to breakable soil. I remember grabbing a rock to pull myself up, and when I was halfway up the rock it broke away from the surface which caused me to fall and slide into a tree. That fall made me realize I’m not immortal, and one wrong slip and my gravestone will be calling my name short noticed. I immediately stood up and marched onwards. Nearing the peak of the mountain was the most memorable thing I could ever experience, the clouds were just a few hundred feet above us, and we could see over the mountains across the valley leading to even more massive peaks covered with snow during the summer. Seeing Highway 70 with the ant line never stopping or ending, that is when I truly felt like a spec in this universe. Now I know this story wasn’t anything special, however it showed me that no matter how steep the road ahead of me gets, and what challenges come before me, I know that I can keep climbing no matter what. As long as I have the motivation to keep going, nothing is going to get in my way. The peak of the mountain symbolizes a milestone in the things I would like to achieve in life; I want to leave my footprint everywhere. I was put on this planet for a reason, and I intend to find out why.

Why Students Are Turning to Profile Samples in Their Essay Writing

Why Students Are Turning to Profile Samples in Their Essay WritingStudents everywhere are finding that essay samples essays are a valuable resource. These tools can offer insights to essay topics and practice essay subjects, and they are an important part of the academic writing process. Many students avoid using essay samples because they feel that they aren't used to the process of essay writing, but this is not the case.First, profiles can help students prepare for their essay by giving them practice in the actual writing of the essay. They give students ideas about how to structure the essay, how to organize their thoughts, and what to keep from them, including any anecdotes or other information. Essay samples help students when they need to write in a particular format or style. Even if they're not very familiar with it, the tips on how to conduct the essay and how to write it will be easy to learn from these samples.The second reason why essay writers and editors are using prof ile samples is that they offer information that is not readily available on the Internet. On the Internet, one usually finds information about current events in current affairs, which cannot be found in profile samples. Profile samples are helpful because they are usually from actual students or adults who have done the work and turn them in to the submission service. Profiles are designed to demonstrate how to do a sample essay, and thus they provide a much needed bridge between students and essay writing.The third reason why essay editors and writers are using profile samples is that they are useful in providing tools that can be used for other essay writing projects. Essay samples can be used in other formats, as well, including not only a profile sample but also how to write a research paper, a thesis statement, and a dissertation. If a student has an idea about how to structure an essay, and can come up with an essay topic of their own, then they will be able to use a profile s ample to begin writing.Some writers and editors also prefer using profile samples for their own use. While some people look at profile samples and see a list of all the things that should be in the essay, others enjoy looking at a profile sample because they feel like they're not only getting ideas from it, but from someone who is actually doing the writing themselves. This can be a great feeling for anyone.So, what is the best way to learn how to use profile samples? The answer is to try to go through several profiles so that you understand the guidelines for writing a profile. Once you have a good understanding of how to structure an essay, you can then ask a friend or family member to write a profile for you.The basic thing that you need to know about writing a profile, then, is that the profile samples should be tailored for the type of person that they are intended for. This means that the profile should speak directly to the reader and provide them with an insider's insight in to the life of the person that the profile is written for. It should also provide the student with useful information about the character, accomplishments, and lifestyle of the person so that the reader will be more interested in the student than simply on his or her good qualities.These are just a few reasons why students are turning to profile samples. If you are looking for a place to find a lot of great advice and insight, you should definitely consider signing up for a subscription to our free essay writing tips.