Drug Usage In Sports Physical Education Essay

Drug Usage In Sports Physical Education Essay Athletes normally use drugs while training and during an event to give themselves an unfair advantage over the other competitors. Drugs can be used during training to allow the person to train for longer, build muscle faster and to quicken the recovery after training, to allow them to train sooner than from the time taken to recover naturally. The world anti-doping agency (WADA) is the head of controlling the use of drugs within major sports, the Olympics, NBA etc.i WADA have banned many substances from use within sports for several reasons, the main reason to protect the athlete and their health as not everyone who takes then performance enhancers does it of their own free will. Other reasons include the prevention of aggressive behavior because some steroids can promote aggression and in a contact sport this could lead to fatal injuries to the opponent. Also the effect performance enhancers has on fair play, taking a substance that gives you an unfair advantage is pure and simple cheating. The use of drugs as an aid in sports dates back to ancient times, where mushrooms and herbs were used by the Greeks and Romans to enhance performance. In the 19th century these mushrooms and herbs were substituted for alcohol, opium and caffeine. In the present day there is a much larger cocktail of drugs used including; anabolic agents, ?2-agonists, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics and beta blockers to mention a few. The aim of this dissertation is to look into the classes of drugs used in the sporting world, how they affect the body, how they work in the body on a cellular level, how athletes are tested for drugs and the side effects of short and long term use. Examples of drugs used Androgenic anabolic steroids are synthetic forms of the male hormone Testosterone, in sports the more common steroids are Stanozolol (aka Stromba) and Nandrolone (aka Deca-Durabolin). WADA (world anti-doping agency) holds a list of all banned steroids from the major sporting organizations some of the oral administered steroids that are banned include Anadrol (oxymetholone), Oxandrin (oxandrolone) and Dianabol (methandrostenolone). Banned injectable steroids include Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate), Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate), Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate). Stromba can come in the form of a 50mg/ml injection or a 5mg tablet where Nandrolone comes in a 2ml vial with a dosage of 100mg/ml, the effective dose is 250 1500 mg per week. These drugs when taken increase protein synthesis and enhance muscle development, when used in the medical world these drugs can decrease the itching of chronic biliary obstruction and they are used in the therapy of some aplastic anaemias. Steroids can also be used to compensate for people who can produce testosterone or can produce enough of it for their body to function normally, this is a symptom of 47, XXY males (Klinefelters syndrome).ii In sports the enhanced muscle development side of steroids is more important. It is more likely to observe this type of drug use in athletes who will be required to use a lot of strength, ie weight lifters, shot putters, discus throwers etc in the Olympics. The use of these drugs may also be observed in sports such as rugby and baseball. Normally ?2-agonists are used in the treatment of asthma by acting as a bronchodilator, which requires stimulation of ?2 adrenoceptors. Athletes exploit the ability of these drugs to dilate the airways and use ?2-agonists in order to gain advantage over the competition by being able to take deeper breaths than normal. This was mostly seen in swimming events where the athlete could stay under water longer and reduce resistance while swimming. Some ?2-agonists are still permitted for use by the International Olympic Charter (IOC)iii, the permited drugs are salbutamol, terbutaline, formoterol and salmeterol. However if an athlete is to take one of these drugs they must wait until the initial effects of the drug have passed before competing. This drug is normally taken orally through use of an inhaler. Narcotics are one of the earliest drugs used in medicine for pain relief; they work by acting on the brain to reduce the amount of pain felt. This is useful to athletes who maybe injured to allow themselves to force their bodies back into training. This is very risky, as forcing training upon an injured body can lead to further injury.iv Narcotics can be administered through many different methods, depending on what drug it is. Cocaine is normally inhaled through the nose, heroin is normally injected into a vein and morphine can be administered through IV drip or taken in the form of a tablet. The benefit of this class of drug is it allows the athlete to push themselves further, through what is known as the pain threshold. The pain threshold is like a wall that athletes will hit while training vigorously for extended periods of time, this wall is often difficult to overcome and the use of narcotics aids in this battle. This class of drug doesnt just include illegal drugs such as hero in or cocaine but also includes morphine, and although mild, codeine. Diuretics which include Frusimide, chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide come in a tablet form and can prevent the reabsorption of water from the kidneys, this is used in the medical world as treatment for heart failure and hypertension, and it can also be used in lower concentrations to reduce blood pressure. Diuretics are controlled in sports due to their ability to remove water from the body; this type of drug is mostly beneficial to athletes who are trying to make a weight class, ie boxing. If an athlete is meant to be in a middle class weight group and looses water to put him in a light weight class it gives him an unfair advantage over who he may be fighting. Diuretics can also be used to mask the effect anabolic steroids have on the body, as these steroids can cause the body to retain water. Diuretics have also been taken to try and cover drug usage when tests are carried out, as diuretics can control the excretion of water from the body they have been taken to try and dilute the concentration of other drugs in urine.v Beta-blockers are a primary therapeutic use in the fight against cardiovascular disease, but it was also found during treatment that these medicines stopped muscle tremors.vi This is of benefit to the sports of professional archery or shooting in the pentathlon and can also be used in snooker. The down side to this is the disadvantage it holds in activates that exert the body like long distance running, so to combat the use of beta-blocker so the officials of the pentathlon held the long distance running and shooting on the same day. However the athletes then started using beta-blockers with a shorter half life. Discussion The drugs used in sport all work to the same purpose which is to enhance ones performance in a specific event through non-natural means. Although all the drugs described work towards the same goal, they each work differently in the body on a cellular receptor level. In this section I will describe and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these drugs. I will also look at the desired effects on the body and the unwanted effects as well as metabolism of drugs. Pharmacokinetics deals with the half life of drugs in the body, the metabolism and excretion of drugs from the body. Pharmacodynamics is how the drug produces its response, the receptors involved and where they may be located in the cell and what organs are affected by the drug in question. Pharmacokinetics The body is a very effective tool when it comes to transforming active chemicals into inactive ones. This process is done through the use of enzymes normally produced by the cells of the liver, but some other cells throughout the body are also used for metabolism. In relation to this topic metabolism is simple changes to an active chemical or drug into a safe metabolite which can then be excreted from the body.vii However metabolism does not always work this way, sometimes an active compound can be metabolized into another active compound which the same pharmacological effect with higher or lower potency or a completely different pharmacological effect. An active compound may also be changed into a toxic metabolite or an inactive drug can be activated. Drugs can be eliminated from the body through many means. The compounds can be passes through urine from the kidneys or in faeces from the rectum. They can also be passed from the bodys salivary glands as saliva, from the sweat glands, the pulmonary epithelium as exhaled gasses and from mammary glands in the form of mammary milk. The half life of a drug is the time taken for the concentration of a drug in your system to half; the half life varies from drug to drug. Normally a drug is taken at regular intervals to keep its concentration in the therapeutic level. Athletes however may only take one dose of the drug for their upcoming event. Pharmacodynamics Anabolic steroids bind to androgen receptors found in the prostate, skeletal muscle, the liver and the CNS. The highest expression level was observed in the prostate, adrenal gland and epididermis which were determined by real-time PCR reactions.viii The androgen receptors are located in the cytoplasm of a cell, which is why steroids have to be soluble compounds. Once testosterone or DHT binds to a receptor it is translocated to the nucleus. Androgen receptors are directly linked to the regulation of gene transcription, when a receptor is stimulated by testosterone it produces primary male characteristics by activating hormones in the wolffian duct. Wolffian ducts are embryonic structures which form the male internal genitalia.ix The secondary male characteristics such as hair follicles are a response to DHT binding to the androgen receptor; DHT is produced when 5-alpha-reductase acts on testosterone. One of the more common side effects of this drug is the inhibition of your own hormones. If more of a hormone is introduced into your body it will cause your body to react and produce less of the hormone. Other side effects include not being able to perform sexually, steroids can lead to an increase in LDLs (bad cholesterol), an increase in estrogen has also been observed which can lead to the development of breast tissue in men and steroids can also have a damaging effect on the liver. ?2-agonists as the name suggest work on ?2 adrenoceptors which are located on the cell membrane. When a ?2-agonist binds to a ?2 adrenoceptor it causes smooth muscle relaxation which in asthma sufferers dilates the airways and helps them to breathe normally, in athletes this allows them to take deeper breaths and inhale more oxygen which increases stamina and reduces fatigue. The major side effect from ?2-agonists is cardiac arrhythmia, this is due to an increased myocardial oxygen demand, ?2-agonists can also lead to angina in patients with coronary artery disease and tremors have also been observed. Narcotics are classed as opioids, which are any drug that produces morphine-like-effects, and bind to opioid receptors. Opioid recrptors are linked through G-proteins to inhibition of adenylate cyclase and facilitate the opening of Potassium channels which causes hyperpolarisation. This binding also inhibits the opening of calcium channels which inhibits transmitter release. The side effects of these drugs include respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation and dependence. There are three subcategories of opioid receptors, , ? and ? receptors. Pure opioid drugs have more of an affinity for receptors; this binding is what produces the euphoric effect of opioid drugs.xThe opioid receptors can be found both presynaptically and postsynaptically depending on the cell type. Receptors are mostly presynaptic in the periaqueductal grey region of the brain. These receptors can also be found in layers of the cerebral cortex and the intestinal tract. Diuretics are divided into two categories; loop diuretics which are of the most powerful and distal tubule diuretics. Normally less than 1% of sodium that is taken into the body is excreted but the use of loop diuretics causes fifteen to twenty percent of filtered sodium to be excreted with copious amounts of urine. Loop diuretics work by inhibiting sodium, potassium and chloride co-transporters in the thick ascending loop and increase potassium and calcium loss.xi The unwanted effects of this include dehydration and hypokalaemia (defined as a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/l). Beta-blockers attach to ? adrenoceptors on cells of the heart and produce no response in the cell. The body normally responds to stress by releasing lots of adrenaline which activates the bodies fight or flight response which is normally useful in the cases of being chased by a bear. Some athletes however have to keep their cool and take beta-blockers to stop this response from occurring.xii Athletes that require a steady hand for accurate aim in archery may be persuaded to take these. The undesired effects of this type of drug is it disallows your heart rate to increase, so if beta-blockers are taken before a race blood wont circulate oxygen around the body fast enough to maintain a fast pace. Conclusion From my research I can understand why some athletes may take performance enhancing drugs but I am not certain the short term gain outweighs the long term loss. Boxers who are a tiny bit heavy and have to go into a tougher weight class are understandably scared; they will be among the lightest in their class going up against bigger guys, where if they use diuretics and drop some water they become the bigger guys in a lower weight class. For some athletes they may be getting on in their career and want to end it with a win so they cheat in order to finish their career on a high. Athletes at the start of their career are out of their minds, to put it politely, to use these drugs because they have a whole career ahead of them to work on weakness in a natural way and better themselves each year until they achieve their victory. Is it not better to work hard at something and reap more self satisfaction knowing that you have trained hard and achieved your goal of your own doing without damaging your body, than to win a hollow victory through the use of drugs and then be disgraced when tests come back positive for drug use. All in all I think drugs should stay where they belong, in the hospitals where they are of most benefit to society. i World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) constitutive instrument of foundation, 1999, lausanne (www.wada-ama.org) ii Hormonal studies in klinefelters syndrome august 1974, C. Wang, H.W.G. Baker, D.M. DEKrester, B, Hudson iii International Olympic Charter against doping in sports, medical commission, IOC 1990 iv Drugs in sport fourth edition, 2005, David R. Mottram v The influence of diuretics on excretion and metabolism of doping agents, 1986, Delbeke FT, Debackere M vi Heart failure reviews, pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of beta-blockers in heart failure volume 9/issue 2 April 2004 , Springer Netherlands vii Drugs and the human body fifth edition 1996, Ken Liska viii The androgen receptor: a mediator of diverse response, 1996, Keller ET, Ershler WB, Chang C [pubmed] ix Regulation of wolffian duct development, 2007, Hannema SE, Hughes IA [pubmed] x A primer of drug action, A comprehensive guide to actions, uses and side effects of psychoactive drugs eleventh edition, 2007, Robert M. Julian, Clair D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty xi Rang and Dales pharmacology sixth edition, 2007, H.P. Rang, M. Maureen Dale, James M. Ritter xii Pharmacology fifth edition, 2003, H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore

Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages

With China being a market of more than 1. 3 billion people, competition for this newly emerging market Is rich. The following brands are omitting In the Chinese market. 1. 3 National comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage propagated by the classical economist David Richard proposes that a country attractiveness to foreign investment is determined by its inherent natural factors such as land, natural resources, labor, and the size of the local population.Michael Porter's Diamond of National Advantage extends the theory to propose that a nation can create new advanced factor endowments such as skilled labor, a strong technology and knowledge base, government support, and ultra. Kicker uses Porter's model here to determine the national comparative advantage. 1. 3. 1 Factor conditions China can offer quality products because of its comparatively cheap labor. China has become the location of choice for global manufacturing. This is usually attributed to its low wages.Ch inese factory workers today earn 50 cents to $2 an hour and often work long shifts, getting minimal time off for weekends and holidays. [Prosperity, 2005] Competitive Labor: China's workers are not Just inexpensive but literate, hard irking, already reasonably skilled and desperate to be trained. There is also a sizable and growing cadre of university-educated technologists and professionals. For example, China is now graduating 330,000 engineers and scientists annually, as compared with 398,622 for the United States [Prosperity, 2005].Abundant resources: Apart from competent and cheap human resources, China also boasts of huge natural resources. All the raw materials required for producing Kicker are easily available in China at very competitive prices. 1. 3. 2 Demand Conditions The demand for car audio is increasing rapidly in China, as already noted in a previous chapter. The demand has increased steadily, however, not from Kicker's current target market, which is the higher inco me earning group.The demand for Kicker products will stagnate if it does not lower its price to suit the needs of the upcoming middle class group. Growing market populations: China offers a huge market population of 1. 3 billion people. As seen earlier, the middle class car purchasing group, which is Kicker's new target group, is increasing phenomenally wing to national growth. 1. 3. 3 Related and Supporting Industries Kicker sources most of its raw materials from China, who are suppliers of global standard raw materials.Kicker can benefit from the existence of its support industries in China. 1. 3. 4 Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Kicker is not a single player in the market. This is good because the existence of competition ensures that there is sufficient motivation for product innovation. It also indicates that the demand for foreign car audio exists in the market and has the potential to expand. All the factors together indicate that the time is ripe for Kicker to begin i ts operations in China. . 3. 5 Government attitude towards FED / foreign firms The biggest advantage for China is its open policies on foreign direct investments. China is attracting multinational companies by improving relevant policies to attract multinationals to invest in China [China's Absorption of Foreign Investment, n. D. ]. The efforts are paying off well, as indicated earlier, the phenomenal increase of over 142% in foreign direct investment from 1999 to 2003.

My First Sexual Experience - Original Writing - 1682 Words

D) My first sexual experience was when I was 18 and I lost my virginity by being raped. The guy (J) and I had met online and we went on a first date when it happened. Absolutely no romance was involved. I barely knew the guy. I was under the influence when it happened, and because of that I didn’t realize that it was rape for quite a while. It didn’t happen like they portray it in the movies. It wasn’t violent, I was constantly saying no, it wasn’t super forceful. I was under the influence, I was in no condition to consent and I was taken advantage of by a man six years older than me that knew I was a virgin. I repressed my feelings about it for a while. I regretted the entire situation and often felt guilty, and felt that it was my fault.†¦show more content†¦For a long time, I blamed myself for the situation because I had told him to put on a condom and I felt that was me consenting. But in reality, I knew that he was going to have sex with me r egardless and I was too drunk and scared to be able to say no and push him away. I didn’t tell anyone about it for a long time. I had my suspicions that it was rape but I didn’t start calling it that until I started going to therapy and told my story. My therapist told me that it was rape and I didn’t know how to process that. I kept it to myself for a while longer, knowing that if I let it out, I would get blamed for it and I was right. When I finally told my parents, they were angry. They had basically told me that I put myself in that situation. Like I said above, I was reckless with sex and had multiple sexual partners. My parents were more stuck on the fact that I had had a lot of sex rather than the reason behind it. Because in their minds, I was an out of control slut with no morals. They didn’t realize that I had gone through something traumatic and was trying to cope with it. So they punished me, taking away my phone, the internet, my car, everyt hing that gave me independence. The only thing I could do was go to work. My mom would email me articles about how I had narcissistic personality disorder because I had no empathy for what they were going through and all I cared about was myself.Show MoreRelatedBiography Of Cherrie Moraga s Loving, The War Years 1567 Words   |  7 PagesIn her book, Loving in the War Years, Cherrie Moraga narrates her experiences and progresses ideas concerning her existence as a Chicana and a lesbian in American society. She uses variety of literary forms that include short stories, poems, personal reminiscences, and essays. The confusion and personal struggle Moraga recounts speak to the readers as one by the usage of Moraga’s words. 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Physics Fields and Disciplines of Study

Physics is the branch of science which is concerned with the nature and properties of non-living matter and energy that are not dealt with by chemistry or biology, and the fundamental laws of the material universe.  As such, it is a huge and diverse area of study. In order to make sense of it, scientists have focused their attention on one or two smaller areas of the discipline. This allows them to become experts in that narrow field, without getting bogged down in the sheer volume of knowledge that exists regarding the natural world. The Fields of Physics Physics is sometimes broken into two broad categories, based on the history of the science: Classical Physics, which includes studies that arose from the Renaissance to the beginning of the 20th century; and Modern Physics, which includes those studies which have been begun since that period. Part of the division might be considered scale: modern physics focuses on tinier particles, more precise measurements, and broader laws that affect how we continue to study and understand the way the world works. Another way to divide physics is applied or experimental physics (basically, the practical uses of materials) versus theoretical physics (the building of overarching laws as to how the universe works). As you read through the different forms of physics, it should become obvious that there is some overlap. For example, the difference between astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology can be virtually meaningless at times. To everyone, that is, except the astronomers, astrophysicists, and cosmologists, who can take the distinctions very seriously. Classical Physics Before the turn of the 19th century, physics concentrated on the study of mechanics, light, sound and wave motion, heat and thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical physics fields that were studied before 1900 (and continue to develop and be taught today) include: Acoustics: The study of sound and sound waves. In this field, you study mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids. Acoustics includes applications for seismic waves, shock and vibration, noise, music, communication, hearing, underwater sound, and atmospheric sound. In this way, it encompasses earth sciences, life sciences, engineering, and the arts.Astronomy: The study of space, including the planets, stars, galaxies, deep space, and the universe. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, using mathematics, physics, and chemistry to understand everything outside of the Earths atmosphere.Chemical Physics: The study of physics in chemical systems. Chemical physics focuses on using physics to understand complex phenomena at a variety of scales from the molecule to a biological system. Topics include the study of nano-structures or chemical reaction dynamics.Computational Physics: The application of numerical methods to solve physical problems for which a quantitative theory already exists.Electromagnetism: The study of electrical and magnetic fields, which are two aspects of the same phenomenon.Electronics: The study of the flow of electrons, generally in a circuit.Fluid Dynamics / Fluid Mechanics: The study of the physical properties of fluids, specifically defined in this case to be liquids and gases.Geophysics: The study of the physical properties of the Earth.Mathematical Physics: Applying mathematically rigorous methods to solving problems within physics.Mechanics: The study of the motion of bodies in a frame of reference.Meteorology / Weather Physics: The physics of the weather.Optics / Light Physics: The study of the physical properties of light.Statistical Mechanics: The study of large systems by statistically expanding the knowledge of smaller systems.Thermodynamics: The physics of heat. Modern Physics Modern physics embraces the atom and its component parts, relativity and the interaction of high speeds, cosmology and space exploration, and mesoscopic physics, those pieces of the universe that fall in size between nanometers and micrometers. Some of the fields in modern physics are: Astrophysics: The study of the physical properties of objects in space. Today, astrophysics is often used interchangeably with astronomy and many astronomers have physics degrees.Atomic Physics: The study of atoms, specifically the electron properties of the atom, as distinct from nuclear physics which considers the nucleus alone. In practice, research groups usually study atomic, molecular, and optical physics.Biophysics: The study of physics in living systems  at all levels, from individual cells and microbes to animals, plants, and entire ecosystems. Biophysics overlaps with biochemistry, nanotechnology, and bio-engineering, such as the derivation of the structure of DNA from X-ray crystallography. Topics can include bio-electronics, nano-medicine, quantum biology, structural biology, enzyme kinetics, electrical conduction in neurons, radiology, and microscopy.Chaos: The study of systems with a strong sensitivity to initial conditions, so a slight change at the beginning quickly become major changes in the system. Chaos theory is an element of quantum physics and useful in celestial mechanics.Cosmology: The study of the universe as a whole, including its origins and evolution, including the Big Bang and how the universe will continue to change.Cryophysics / Cryogenics /Low-Temperature Physics: The study of physical properties in low-temperature situations, far below the freezing point of water.Crystallography: The study of crystals and crystalline structures.High Energy Physics: The study of physics in extremely high energy systems, generally within particle physics.High-Pressure Physics: The study of physics in extremely high-pressure systems, generally related to fluid dynamics.Laser Physics: The study of the physical properties of lasers.Molecular Physics: The study of the physical properties of molecules.Nanotechnology: the science of building circuits and machines from single molecules and atoms.Nuclear Physics: The study of the physical properties of the atomic nucleus.Particle Physics: The study of fundamental particles and the forces of their interaction.Plasma Physics: The study of matter in the plasma phase.Quantum Electrodynamics: The study of how electrons and photons interact at the quantum mechanical level.Quantum Mechanics / Quantum Physics: The study of science where the smallest discrete values, or quanta, of matter and energy become relevant.Quantum Optics: The application of quantum physics to light.Quantum Field Theory: The application of quantum physics to fields, including the fundamental forces of the universe.Quantum Gravity: The application of quantum physics to gravity and unification of gravity with the other fundamental particle interactions.Relativity: The study of systems displaying the properties of Einsteins theory of relativity, which generally involves moving at speeds very close to the speed of light.String Theory / Superstring Theory: The study of the theory that all fundamental particles are vibra tions of one-dimensional strings of energy, in a higher-dimensional universe. Sources and Further Reading Simonyi, Karoly. A Cultural History of Physics. Trans. Kramer, David. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.Phillips, Lee. The Never-Ending Conundrums of Classical Physics. Ars Technica, August 4, 2014.Teixeira, Elder Sales, Ileana Maria Greca, and Olival Freire. The History and Philosophy of Science in Physics Teaching: A Research Synthesis of Didactic Interventions. Science Education 21.6 (2012): 771–96. Print.

The Homelessness Epidemic - 842 Words

From the wise words of Nelson Mandela â€Å"No one is born hating another person, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.† Discrimination is an on going controversial issue, which can range from status of class, based on gender, color of one’s skin, and almost every group there is possible. Across America, we’re all classified by at least a category, and social class happens to be one of them. The homeless, being the lowest class is often looked down on. According to preliminary figures by the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH), in 2013, homeless Americans experienced a 23% increase in violence compared with the year before. Hate crimes are common among the homeless, especially in Florida according to, Huffington post. Cousins Jose Llano-Xolo, 14, and Juan Xolo-Merlin, 17 was using â€Å"self-defense† when they put a homeless man in a chokehold and stabbed him with a pen. In Seattle of March 15, two off-duty firefighters and a female companion attacked a homeless man sleeping on a memorial. Love, smiles and hope are the positivity I want to be spreading like giving change to the homeless for example, instead of discrimination, which is harsh. Nearly half of families in the US live below 250% of the federal poverty level based on the Hamilton Project . One mistake, even a penny short can lead people into poverty, even a dollar can literally mean a lottery win, because every bit counts, it’s either life or death. Discrimination against women isShow MoreRelatedThe Homelessness Epidemic Of Homelessness1958 Words   |  8 Pages The Homelessness Epidemic According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, approximately 564,708 people were homeless on a single night in January of 2015 in the United States (â€Å"The State of Homelessness in 2016†). It is estimated that 250,000 people who suffer from Mental Health illnesses are homeless (Torrey). Providing affordable housing, and access to mental health services for the homeless population are essential components to end the homeless epidemic. Homelessness can be definedRead MoreThe Problem Of The Homelessness Epidemic1681 Words   |  7 PagesJacob Setton How to end Homelessness in D.C.? The chasm between the law and, the law as applied in practice is vast. The law provides funding for homeless people, but this often leads to discrimination because it is so difficult to gain access to these funds. Roscoe Pound, one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century,   points out how the â€Å"laws on the street† too often   differ from the â€Å"laws on the books† and result in discrimination. Homeless people suffer from government bureaucracyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Homelessness Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Epidemic Of Homelessness And The Impact It Has On The United States Jeff Damitz One of the sociologic problems that have always faced society is the presence of homelessness population in a percentage of societies’ citizens. The National Health Care of the Homeless Council (2014) describes the official definition of homeless at â€Å"an individual without permanent housing who may live on the streets; stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned buildingRead MoreHomelessness Is Becoming An Epidemic1566 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in Persons with Persons with Schizophrenia Homelessness is increasingly becoming an epidemic in North America as many cities grabble with this menace. According to the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness, about 35000 Canadians are homeless on a given night, while 235,000 Canadians experience homelessness in a year. According to the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Homelessness Research Network, â€Å"homelessness is described as the situation of an individual or family without stableRead MoreHomelessness Is An Unfortunate Epidemic3425 Words   |  14 PagesHomelessness is an unfortunate epidemic that has plagued communities across the United States for decades. Although a homeless population has existed in our society throughout history, this social issue came to a head only a few decades ago in the early 1980’s. 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Reflecting on Wisdom Free Essays

Reflecting On Wisdom PSY 220 March 9, 2013 Colleen Moore Reflecting On Wisdom The attributes that are commonly associated with wise people are: Reasoning Ability, Sagacity, Learning from Ideas and the Environment, Judgment, Expeditious use of Information and Perspicacity. Reasoning Ability is the uncommon ability to look at a problem and solve it through good logical reasoning ability, by applying knowledge to particular problems, by integrating information and theories in new ways, and by possessing a huge store of knowledge. Sagacity is the keen understanding of human nature, thoughtfulness, fairness, good listening abilities, knowledge of self and placing value on the advice and knowledge of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflecting on Wisdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning from Ideas and the Environment places value on ideas, is perceptive, and learns from others’ mistakes. Judgment has good sensible judgment at all times, takes a long-term rather than a short-term view, and thinks before acting and speaking. Expeditious use of Information learns and retains information from experience (both mistakes and successes), willingness to change one’s mind based on new experience. Perspicacity Demonstrates perceptiveness, intuition, ability to see through things, read between the lines; and discern the truth and the right thing to do. (Bumgardener Crothers, 2009) A person I believe would be wise would be Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ who is known from the Bible as the son of God. (II Samuel 7:12-14 King James Bible) Jesus had all six of the characteristics named in the above paragraph. Jesus who was the son of God was sent to the world to save the world to teach the gospels and to help save the world from sin. For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life† (John 3:16 King James Bible). Jesus went to many cities throughout his life preaching the gospels and healing the six, casting our demons and raising the dead. Any person who believed that Jesus was the son of God and had enough faith would be healed. (John 4:43-54 King James Bible) Jesus was a very wise man be cause he studied the gospels, he spent many hours in prayer, and he also went to the tabernacles to learn and to preach and to heal those in need of healing. Mark 1:21-28, Luke 4:31-37) Jesus was a very compassionate man and when people who had the faith would cry out to him for healing he would heal them because their faith was very strong. An example of this would be when Jesus had left the city of Jericho he had a mass following of people traveling with him when they had come upon two blind men. The blind men heard the crowd and asked what was going on and once they were told they had cried out to Jesus to not pass them by and to please heal them of their blindness. The crowd that was following Jesus tried to rebuke them because they figured the blind men weren’t worthy enough for a healing or they just did not want the blind men to bother Jesus, but the blind men cried out to Jesus in persistence because they believed and had the faith to know that Jesus could heal them, Jesus then called out to the blind men and asked what they wanted and they had said they wanted their eye sight back, so Jesus seeing that they had the faith told them to arise and that because of their faith they were healed and could see again. Once the Blind men were healed they followed Jesus and were glorifying God. Mark 10:46-52; Luke 18:35-43 King James Bible) Jesus was wise in the ways that he taught his parables. For example in (Luke 10:25-42 King James Bible), a man who was an expert in the law decided to test Jesus by asking him â€Å"Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life? † Jesus then said to the man, â€Å"What is written in the law? How do you read it? The man answered â€Å"Though shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all they mind; and they neighbors as thyself. Jesus then said to the man â€Å"Thou has answered right: this do and thou shalt live. Again the man wanted to justify himself so he asked Jesus â€Å"Who is my neighbor? † Jesus then replied to him with a story about a man who had come from Jerusalem to Jericho and ran into some thieves who stripped the man of his clothes and beat him half to death and then left. The man who had been beaten lay on the ground and had been passed by two people who looked at him and left without helping the man. A third man â€Å"The Good Samaritan† came by and saw the wounded man on the ground and had left but came back with supplies to clean the wounded man and bandage him up. Then the Good Samaritan took him to an inn to take care of him. The next day the good Samaritan man got up and before he left, he gave the inn keeper money and told the inn keeper and told him to take care of the wounded man and that any extra money that the inn keeper has to use he will repay him once he returns. Then once Jesus was finished with the story he said to the man who was and expert in the law â€Å"Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbor unto him that fell among thieves? â€Å" The man then said â€Å"He that shewed mercy on him. † Then Jesus said â€Å"Go and do thou Likewise. † One of the attributes I believe I have fully developed would be Judgment. I may not always use the best judgment at all times, but I feel that my judgment is usually sensible and thought out as sensible as I can make it. When something comes up that I have to use my judgment for, I try to sit and think it through as much as possible to find the best possible outcome for the solution. I feel that I would need to fully develop all of the attributes discussed in chapter 10 of the reading. These are things that every person has to learn throughout their lives and will continue to develop through the years. Reference (Bumgardener Crothers, 2009) (King James Bible) How to cite Reflecting on Wisdom, Essay examples Reflecting on Wisdom Free Essays Reflecting On Wisdom PSY 220 March 9, 2013 Colleen Moore Reflecting On Wisdom The attributes that are commonly associated with wise people are: Reasoning Ability, Sagacity, Learning from Ideas and the Environment, Judgment, Expeditious use of Information and Perspicacity. Reasoning Ability is the uncommon ability to look at a problem and solve it through good logical reasoning ability, by applying knowledge to particular problems, by integrating information and theories in new ways, and by possessing a huge store of knowledge. Sagacity is the keen understanding of human nature, thoughtfulness, fairness, good listening abilities, knowledge of self and placing value on the advice and knowledge of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflecting on Wisdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning from Ideas and the Environment places value on ideas, is perceptive, and learns from others’ mistakes. Judgment has good sensible judgment at all times, takes a long-term rather than a short-term view, and thinks before acting and speaking. Expeditious use of Information learns and retains information from experience (both mistakes and successes), willingness to change one’s mind based on new experience. Perspicacity Demonstrates perceptiveness, intuition, ability to see through things, read between the lines; and discern the truth and the right thing to do. (Bumgardener Crothers, 2009) A person I believe would be wise would be Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ who is known from the Bible as the son of God. (II Samuel 7:12-14 King James Bible) Jesus had all six of the characteristics named in the above paragraph. Jesus who was the son of God was sent to the world to save the world to teach the gospels and to help save the world from sin. For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life† (John 3:16 King James Bible). Jesus went to many cities throughout his life preaching the gospels and healing the six, casting our demons and raising the dead. Any person who believed that Jesus was the son of God and had enough faith would be healed. (John 4:43-54 King James Bible) Jesus was a very wise man be cause he studied the gospels, he spent many hours in prayer, and he also went to the tabernacles to learn and to preach and to heal those in need of healing. Mark 1:21-28, Luke 4:31-37) Jesus was a very compassionate man and when people who had the faith would cry out to him for healing he would heal them because their faith was very strong. An example of this would be when Jesus had left the city of Jericho he had a mass following of people traveling with him when they had come upon two blind men. The blind men heard the crowd and asked what was going on and once they were told they had cried out to Jesus to not pass them by and to please heal them of their blindness. The crowd that was following Jesus tried to rebuke them because they figured the blind men weren’t worthy enough for a healing or they just did not want the blind men to bother Jesus, but the blind men cried out to Jesus in persistence because they believed and had the faith to know that Jesus could heal them, Jesus then called out to the blind men and asked what they wanted and they had said they wanted their eye sight back, so Jesus seeing that they had the faith told them to arise and that because of their faith they were healed and could see again. Once the Blind men were healed they followed Jesus and were glorifying God. Mark 10:46-52; Luke 18:35-43 King James Bible) Jesus was wise in the ways that he taught his parables. For example in (Luke 10:25-42 King James Bible), a man who was an expert in the law decided to test Jesus by asking him â€Å"Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life? † Jesus then said to the man, â€Å"What is written in the law? How do you read it? The man answered â€Å"Though shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all they mind; and they neighbors as thyself. Jesus then said to the man â€Å"Thou has answered right: this do and thou shalt live. Again the man wanted to justify himself so he asked Jesus â€Å"Who is my neighbor? † Jesus then replied to him with a story about a man who had come from Jerusalem to Jericho and ran into some thieves who stripped the man of his clothes and beat him half to death and then left. The man who had been beaten lay on the ground and had been passed by two people who looked at him and left without helping the man. A third man â€Å"The Good Samaritan† came by and saw the wounded man on the ground and had left but came back with supplies to clean the wounded man and bandage him up. Then the Good Samaritan took him to an inn to take care of him. The next day the good Samaritan man got up and before he left, he gave the inn keeper money and told the inn keeper and told him to take care of the wounded man and that any extra money that the inn keeper has to use he will repay him once he returns. Then once Jesus was finished with the story he said to the man who was and expert in the law â€Å"Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbor unto him that fell among thieves? â€Å" The man then said â€Å"He that shewed mercy on him. † Then Jesus said â€Å"Go and do thou Likewise. † One of the attributes I believe I have fully developed would be Judgment. I may not always use the best judgment at all times, but I feel that my judgment is usually sensible and thought out as sensible as I can make it. When something comes up that I have to use my judgment for, I try to sit and think it through as much as possible to find the best possible outcome for the solution. I feel that I would need to fully develop all of the attributes discussed in chapter 10 of the reading. These are things that every person has to learn throughout their lives and will continue to develop through the years. Reference (Bumgardener Crothers, 2009) (King James Bible) How to cite Reflecting on Wisdom, Papers

Literature Review Theories of Culture

Question: Discuss about the case study Literature Review for Theories of Culture. Answer: Introduction The world is experiencing a lot of changes based on the cultural transformations that are caused by the various factors that affect the way people live. For instance, academics has been of great effect to the living styles of people because much has been known through the learning process. These changes have affected the culture that has been existing, thus bringing new ways of beliefs. Comparing the ways of living in the contemporary world with the historical times, there a lot of chances because of the activities that people perform. In the historical times, before civilization came into existence, human beings had a strict way of performing their tasks. For instance, it was known that women were responsible for home chores and men could participate in developmental activities. There were no educational programs like in the contemporary society. Children could follow the footsteps of their parents that determined their future. Later, changes of creating a learned community were ado pted, and all the community activities changed to pave ways for the new culture. Therefore, comparing the activities that were being undertaken by our forefathers, they are completely different because of the changed culture. For instance, men could work in the firms among other traditional activities such as hunting to make a living but in the current times, people are working in organizations and businesses to ensure that they earn their living. Because of these identified changes in culture in relations to the lives of the affected people, it can be observed that culture affects the lives of personal and professional lives. Culture has a significant place in the life of a person, and it depends on of the environment. There are different types of cultures in the community amongst which are: - national culture, corporate culture, religious culture, generational culture, and gender orientation among many others. A person might fit in any one of them of more depending on the environments in contact. For instance, a Christian might be working as a professional in p articular place. Therefore, corporate and religious cultures will be affecting the ways of living for this specific person. Rationale of the Paper It is paramount for people to understand more about cultures and how they should be managed. Culture is surrounded by a lot of theories that provide rationales about the lives of different people in various environments. The topic about theories of culture gives the audience more information and knowledge about how life is affected by the values and beliefs of a particular environment. These theories of culture can either impose negative or positive influences the lives of the people who believe in them. Culture is very important in the society because it determines the values and beliefs of the particular community. It also enhances the effectiveness of the activities being performed, thus enhancing the chances of achievements. Therefore, this paper is aimed at providing a review of culture literature and its effect on a personal, professional, organizational and communal life of an individual. Firstly, the rationale of acquiring the information will be provided to create a base for the effective literature review (Daniels, Lauder, Porter, 2009). Research Strategy A good research work is limited to the type of academic resources that can be used and the time frame of publication to be used. Therefore, this paper will also be constrained to time factor to ensure that the data and information used is valid and effective. Because culture has been in existence for a long time ago, some historical sources must be used to gather information about the historical periods. Rather, researchers who have used information from historical publications can be majored on to avoid using resources that seem to be too old. In this literature review, historical books and journal articles will mainly major because the information is valid and acceptable in the academic space. The academic resources to be used in this review of literature will have to be published in the last 15 years. During this period, there have not been many changes in the culture of the community. The only changes that have been observed are the change its technological developments (Hutchby Moran-Ellis, 2001). Journals about organizational culture and societal beliefs and values will be used to provide relevant information about the research (Fullan, 2001). The internet has a lot of libraries that can be used in search of academic resources to be used in research work. Therefore, in this research about theories of culture, the web was the core database used in searching the required information. Google engine was frequently used in search of books that could be featured in the research. Also, Academic Search database was used to get some journals that were thought to be relevant in tackling the study. However, Google provided enough information and resources that could be needed in retrieving information about theories of culture. The Google database has been loaded with a lot of academic resources, and it is rated among the best databases for educational support. There are a lot of key terms that was used in search of the resources for the study of the Google search engine. Since this paper is related to theories of culture in relation to the culture of a medical practitioner, the key terms could lean on the medical side. For instance, theories of medical culture, health beliefs and theories of culture could be used as key terms in the search engine. Also, a statement such as the effects of culture on the personal/professional life of a person could be used. When Google books were searched using some of these keywords, a lot of results were obtained thus proving a series of selection for the best part (Helmreich Merritt, 2001). When theories of culture term as searched in the Academic Search database, fifteen articles were obtained that seemed to be related to the topic, Theories of Culture. In Google search engine, they result obtained infinite, but they were arranged according to their rating. This means that the articles and books in the first counts of results are highly preferred for use in the research. Theories Authors have previously developed theories of culture that provide different rationale about culture. Some theories connect the literature about culture in the society. Firstly, culture is not as distinct as nature because it can change from time to time. Culture is defined as anything that controls the living style of an individual as opposed to the natural laws. It is also evident that cultures can be learned and practiced (Hendrix Carman, 2010). According to Hegel who was a famous French psychologist, culture is a series of events that helps a person performed a certain act. These steps create a particular image that is related to certain acts and beliefs related to a group of people. For instance, academic curriculum creates the culture of a school, thus defining all the activities that ought to be performed in these particular environments. Socialization is an important factor in the community in correlation to the culture of a particular society. Through socialization, the behaviors and minds of the children are shaped towards the expectations of the community. Therefore, their acts and thinking will be acceptable to the standards of the specific community. Whenever these children move from their locality to other environments, they are in a position of learning new culture by identifying the values and beliefs of the particular community. Language covers the largest part of culture, and for any person to learn about a strange community, the local languages must be learned first. If a person can communicate with the local language, it will be easier to learn more about the culture and adapt effectively. Therefore, the first step to being taken in learning new cultures is to make sure that the local language is learned. If a person moves to a new culture that within their locality, it will be easy to adapt and learn the ir new methodologies. For instance, a person working in an organization that is within the same residential areas, the culture in the workplace will intermarry with the societys because it the highest percentage of the workers are from the same locality (Macdonald, 2005). Culture is referred to as knowledge before of the fact that different people can learn it. Therefore, much about culture is the facts about the worlds objects, places, and peoples ideas among others. People who are sharing the same culture are said to be sharing a common factor based the thoughts about the understanding of the world. According to Ward Goodenough (1957), s for people to fit in a particular culture, they will have to ensure that they have the same understanding of similar cognitive vie of the world. Although culture has been related to Knowledge, it has its end of learning because there is no much development of ideas from time to time. A child who is born in a certain culture will learn through their family members while individuals are moving to new environments will experience a procedural learning process. Marx who was a Prussian philosopher believed that culture is communication and there no person who can learn a new culture without communication. Also, he stated it was a form of mediation, and it could be used in different systems. For instance, if an individual is working in a company, learning the organizational culture will enhance the functionality and efficiency of working. Therefore, a culture can affect the mode of working for any particular profession. In this case, a medical practitioner has to pass through a competitive training to understand the medical culture. Despite the professional language, a doctor will need to be flexible enough to ensure that differences in culture will not affect the career negatively. For instance, some cultures might be having difference beliefs about the treatment of some diseases such as blood pressure, diabetes among others. Communities with traditional beliefs about the occurrence of such diseases might affect the interventions used by the doctors for treatments. Culture has been viewed as non-natural. Thus many philosophers and psychologist refer it as transferable, and a person can be able to learn more than one culture. The researcher and academician such as Marx and Goodenough have developed theories that correlated about the nature of cultures. Although each one of them had different views about culture, there has not been any contradictions between their opinions (Sivakumar Nakata, 2011). Therefore, culture is influenced by different aspects such as language and the environment. A person will either be a member of a particular culture through propositional or procedural learning (Patankar, 2012). The difference is that learning through propositional is through natural methods, and procedural is developing a know-how within a given time. It is definite that if a person cannot fit in a particular culture, the living conditions will be unfavorable because the activities in the particular community will not fit personal expectations. Results of the Review According to Clark (1990), Schwartz (2006) and Hofstede (2002), behaviors of individuals are defined by their culture based on the values and beliefs. Based on the national culture, it might be hard to differentiate sub-cultures in a country. Especially for people have not been in a particular place before, the minor differences might not easily observe. Therefore, working in a country that has various subgroups might affect personal and professional life because some of the local activities practices will not be known. A country is the core controller of the culture, and that is the reason there are differences observed between cultures of distinct states. In a country, people are free to move from one place, thus enhancing socialization. Factors such as living intermarriage, education and career among others enhances the possibilities of people learning cultures of other sub-groups. Therefore, apart from the national culture, people end up learning more about their fellows in commo n places. Because of the perceived connections between places, or between different people, strangers will not be able to notice the differences (Soares, Farhangmehr Shoham, 2007). There is a well-known theory developed by Hofstede (2001) about the national culture. This theory was developed based on data collected in two different surveys undertaken by the IBM, which focused on the attitudes of the employees. The survey included more than 116,000 questionnaires conducted in more than 70 countries that have over 20 different languages. Because of the cases of missing data from some of the countries, the analysis included 40 countries that had fully-filled questionnaires (Soares, Farhangmehr Shoham, 2007). This ensured that the data to be obtained was certain and reliable. Because of the reliability of these research works, many academician dealing with social sciences have used this publication as a reference in many academic works. Later in the year 1982, other ten countries were included in the analysis after a complete dataset was provided. In Hofstedes work, consequences of culture have been discussed focusing on cultural dimensions, collectivism and individualism and international issues on career/work-related values. The four dimensions of national culture included; masculinity, individualism, power distance and uncertainty (Hofstede, 2006). Each of the aspects has a distinct impact on the culture of the nation. For example, inequality in power in a particular country can be measured by observing the power distance. Also, the level of independence will be determined by the measures of individualism in the community. The competitiveness and assertiveness of masculine values in a country determines the levels of masculinity in the country (Hofstede, 1980). Schwartz (2006) developed bipolar dimensions of cultural values based on an analysis that was conducted from a dataset that covered 73 countries. The survey was conducted using two different tools that ensured reliability and certainty of the data. According to Schwartz, cultural values are broken into three dimension that defines culture. Firstly, Schwartz stated that basing the argument on Autonomy and embeddedness; people are independent, different and unique in all ways. Therefore, people will express their attitudes, ideas, and preferences and feel when encouraged. Therefore, culture contributes to making people understand what they are supposed to do at any particular time. Hierarchy and Egalitarianism emphasize that people are attached to their roles and responsibilities. Therefore, the professional life of a person is affected in cases where culture encourages undertaking responsibilities. Through harmony and mastery, individuals will tend to fit in the social and natural wor ld (Hofstede, 2006). Conclusion Undertaking a study of theories of culture and how they affect the life of an individual enhances the understanding of the meaning and management of culture. The findings of the study undertaken to make the study successful has been used in this paper to correlate the culture, environment, and residents. It has been found that philosophers and psychologist have contributed a lot in informing the society about the relationships of culture and the community. Finally, it will be certain to conclude that culture imposes impacts to the personal, professional life of an individual. References Daniels, H., Lauder, H., Porter, J. (2009). Educational theories, cultures and learning. London: Routledge. Fullan, M. (2001). Leading in a culture of change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Helmreich, R. Merritt, A. (2001). Culture at work in aviation and medicine. Aldershot, Eng.: Ashgate. Hendrix, J. Carman, C. (2010). Renaissance theories of vision. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences. Newbury Park: SAGE. Hutchby, I. Moran-Ellis, J. (2001). Children, technology, and culture. London: Routledge/Falmer. Inglehart, R., Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: the human development sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi G. (2005), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications (pp. 85-119). California: Sage Publications. Macdonald, L. (2005). Wellness at work: protecting and promoting employee health and wellbeing. Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. Patankar, M. (2012). Safety Culture: Building and Sustaining a Cultural Change in Aviation and Healthcare. Ashgate Publishing Group. Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Rihoux, B., Ragin, C. C. (2009). Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Schwartz, S. H. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2-3), 137-182. Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. Shane, S. (1994). The effect of national culture on the choice between licensing and direct foreign-investment. Strategic Management Journal, 15(8), 627-642. Sivakumar, K., Nakata, C. (2001). The stampede toward Hofstede's framework: Avoiding the sample design pit in cross-cultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3), 555-574. Soares, A. M., Farhangmehr, M., Shoham, A. (2007). Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. Journal of Business Research, 60, 277-284. 41 Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2001). The role of national culture in international marketing research. International Marketing Review, 18(1), 30-44. Taras, V. (2010). Catalogue of Instruments for Measuring Culture. Retrieved March 26, 2010, from https://vtaras.com/Culture_Survey_Catalogue Triandis, H. C. (2007). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 506-520.