The Colonies by 1763: a New Society

Between the settlement at Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most significant change that happened in the states was the development of a general public very unique in relation to that in England. Changes in religion, financial aspects, governmental issues and social structure delineate this Americanization of the transplanted Europeans. By 1763, albeit a few settlements despite everything kept up set up houses of worship, different provinces had achieved a virtual upset for strict toleration and division of chapel and state.In England, the King, the head of state, is additionally the leader of the Anglican Church, the Church of England. In the early pilgrim years, the Puritans had control of chapel and state in the upper east, for the most part Massachusetts. The pioneers were exacting and church and state were indivisible. Be that as it may, during the 1730’s to the 1740’s, the Great Awakening emerged and prompted a decrease in Puritan custom. The Great Awakening was lead by Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield and achieved an expansion in strict opportunity and numerous new churches.The Great Awakening likewise prompted an expansion of partition of chapel and state. The Great Awakening was just conceivable on the grounds that the young didn’t see religion as truly as their forerunners. Likewise, the church’s power in government was debilitated so they couldn’t uphold strict obligations upon anybody. The Colonies had contrasted themselves from England strictly by being progressively open minded. In a comparable financial unrest, the states grew out of their commercial relationship with the homeland and built up a growing entrepreneur system.The provinces initially were a device for England to gather assets and to extend its assets. This was on the grounds that England trusted in mercantilism. Mercantilism is the conviction that there is a set measure of riches on the planet. The settlements started to exchange with different countries and states without England’s consent in light of the fact that the separation between the provinces and the homeland was gigantic and made correspondence troublesome. During healthy disregard, England didn't fret about this, yet after the French-Indian War, it expected to raise reserves, so it started forcing its will upon the colonies.Several horrible acts in the provinces were the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Tea Act. At this point, the settlements previously had an independent economy and England’s interruption was harming that economy. They had the option to become independent on the grounds that during the healthy disregard they had to deal with themselves. They had built up a free market and England forcing the Stamp, Sugar, and Tea Acts was making imposing business models. The settlements were the contrary energies of England financially by 1763.Building on English establishments of political freedom, the pilgrims expanded the ideas of freedom and self-government a long ways past those imagined in the motherland. During the time of healthy disregard, the pioneers couldn't rely upon England for government help since they were not spoken to in Parliament and in light of the fact that correspondence was troublesome because of the Atlantic Ocean. The pioneers needed to figure out how to settle on choices all alone, which set them up to be free. The pilgrims could administer themselves in light of the fact that the English weren’t focusing on them.They additionally had to settle on choices and laws for themselves. When the time of healthy disregard was done, the pilgrims as of now had the option to administer themselves. This is the means by which the settlements had isolated itself politically from England. As opposed to the very much characterized and innate classes of England, the states built up a liquid class structure. Ladies had figured out how to change their status socially. Marriage was to a greater degree a methods for moving riches than a sentimental function back then. Ladies started getting more force in their family, in spite of the fact that they despite everything had little state in their government.They got this state in the family life since it was their business to think about the house and to bring up the youngsters. In Europe, they were still observed as to a greater extent a belonging than an accomplice. Additionally, it was a lot simpler for individuals to change classes. In England, you were naturally introduced to the class you would stay in as long as you can remember. In the settlements, one could change their societal position through difficult work and constancy on the grounds that there was no dictatorship in the provinces. Nobody individual had outright force. Britain was likewise not quite the same as the settlements socially.By the year 1763, the provinces previously had an unexpected society in comparison to that in England. Strictly, the st ates were considerably more lenient. As far as the economy, the two social orders shaped various perspectives. The pioneers were entrepreneur and the English were mercantilists. The settlers were likewise restricted to the possibility of government. They bolstered types of popular government. Ultimately, the provinces were more liberal than the homeland socially. It considered greater adaptability in the social structure. By 1763, the states were at that point an alternate society from England.

Were the 1920’s the “Golden Twenties” as Often Portrayed Free Essays

From the perspective of ranchers, minorities and work, were the 1920’s the â€Å"Golden Twenties† as frequently depicted? BY: ROBERT TANNER U. S. History 101. We will compose a custom paper test on Were the 1920’s the â€Å"Golden Twenties† as Often Portrayed? or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now 5 Jim Blackwood 11/25/2009 Bibliography Allen, Frederick L. Just Yesterday: A casual history of the 1920s. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1931. Drowne, Kathleen, and Huber, Patrick. The 1920’s. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Irving L. Bernstein. The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker 1920-1933. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960. Sage, Henry J. The Roaring Twenties. October 11, 2006): Internet. http://www. sagehistory. net/twenties/Twenties. htm. November 25, 2009. Williams, Betty. The 1920’s. London: Batsford, 1989 The 1920’s or the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were a period in U. S. History of incredible change. This period could be depicted as the â€Å"Golden Twenties†, where numerous revelations and innovations critical were made, prosperous mechanical development, increment in the way of life, ascent of industrialism, and huge changes in people’s ways of life. Be that as it may, were the 1920’s â€Å"Golden† for ever ybody? In my article I will initially investigate the â€Å"Golden† parts of the twenties, featured by a portion of the developments and revelations that occurred during the period, which characterized and shape the twenties, and line that up with the farmers’ perspective on the twenties. For one thing, let’s investigate a portion of the stuff that characterized the 1920’s. The 1920s, or the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were 10 years in which nothing enormous occurred, no significant disasters of huge occasions, in any event until the securities exchange crash of 1929, yet it is one of the most huge decades in U. S. history due to the extraordinary changes that came to fruition in American culture. The Twenties were known by different pictures and names: the Jazz Age, the age of the Lost Generation, blazing youth, flappers, radio and motion pictures, home brew, the speakeasy, composed wrongdoing, admission magazines, Hemingway and Fitzgerald, Lindbergh, Babe Ruth, Bobby Jones, the Great Crash, Sacco and Vanzetti, AL Smith, beautifiers, Freud, the â€Å"New† lady, the Harlem Renaissance, industrialism, every one of these pictures and more are a piece of the â€Å"Golden† Twenties. Truth be told, the 1920s may have been the time of the best social change in American history. Responding maybe to both the bafflement from the First World War and against the injuries of Victorian culture, Americans relinquished old thoughts intensely and received new ideas discount. It was likewise a period of profound divisions: wets (for cancelation of preclusion) against dries, town against nation, locals versus outsiders, Catholics against Protestants; the decade additionally observed a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan and an American feeling of estrangement from the remainder of the world. The decade started in the midst of the cinders of the Great War, bloomed into a wild period of spending and benefit making, modest cars and new purchaser items. Everyone appeared to be having some fantastic luck. At that point in 1929 the Crash hit the financial exchange, and for some confounded reasons the Great Depression followed. It was a time of immense figures, saints of the sort we don’t see any more, or not regularly: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth, Bobby Jones and others. Americans began going out to see the films and tuning in to the radio in huge numbers, and they wound up getting progressively rich as the business sectors rose, apparently without end. It was a period of new arousing for African-Americans, a significant number of whom had battled in France, and the Harlem Renaissance opened Americans to Black writing, verse, music and different specialties of a quality never observed. Artistic figures like Fitzgerald, Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe carried white American writing to another plane also. The Progressive development was not dead in the twenties, a Progressive Presidential competitor got very nearly 5 million votes in 1924, yet it was anything but a dissident decade. Everyone realized what Harding implied when he required an arrival to â€Å"normalcy,† even hough there was no such word in the word reference. The Twenties started on a grave note, rose to incredible statures of energy. At that point on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, everything came slamming down, and things were never the equivalent again, yet on the other hand, they never are. â€Å"1† A â€Å"Golden Age†, Americans during the 1920s ha d found numerous things. They had more recreation time, and they found radio and motion pictures. The first â€Å"talkie,† â€Å"The Jazz Singer† was delivered in 1927; shading pictures followed a couple of years after the fact. Americans of that period adored film stars like Charlie Chaplin, and they respected legends like Charles Lindbergh. They had more opportunity to take an interest in and watch games, and Babe Ruth turned into the principal competitor to win a compensation of $100,000 for a season. When reminded that that was more than President Hoover made, the Babe answered, â€Å"I had a superior year. † It was a brilliant time of writing also. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, Marjorie Rawlings, the Black authors referenced above and numerous others carried American writing higher than ever. â€Å"2† As for Business during the 1920s: It was the Age of the Consumer. During the 1920s everyone appeared to purchase everything. Vehicles, radios, machines, instant garments, contraptions and other customer items discovered their ways into an ever increasing number of American homes and carports. Americans likewise began purchasing stocks in more prominent numbers, giving funding to previously blasting organizations. All the signs pointed upwards, and naive people started to accept that it would have been a single direction trip, perhaps for eternity. Henry Ford’s sequential construction system not just changed creation, it democratized the responsibility for vehicle. Portage indicated that attractive benefits could be made on little edge and high volumes. By 1925 his acclaimed Model-T sold for under $300, a humble cost by the guidelines of the 1920s. Americans had never had it so great. On account of pioneers like Charles Lindbergh, the plane started to grow up during the 1920s. Albeit utilized for different purposes in the World War, planes were as yet extraordinary devices until after Lindbergh’s flight, when planes started to convey mail just as travelers for movement instead of only for thrills. Routinely booked flights started, and air terminals were developed to deal with travelers and modest quantities of load. The end was in sight for railroad mastery of the transportation business. â€Å"2† Not every person flourished during the 1920s. Ranchers, getting progressively increasingly able and effective in creating food, found that laws of gracefully request despite everything plague them. The more they created, the lower costs would in general fall. In the mid 1920s bread was at its most reduced cost in 500 years generally to different necessities. It was as yet extreme to get by down on the ranch. The 1920s managed remarkable monetary open doors for some Americans, however not for the nation’s ranchers. They had appreciated surprising success during World War I, inferable from the expanded interest for American horticultural items in war-torn Europe, however during the 1920s they were tormented by low costs for farming items, significant expenses for delivering these products, and overwhelming obligation. Increments in the American farmers’ profitability made surpluses that drove product costs down and brought down their pay. While costs for horticultural items stayed low, costs for land, apparatus, gear, work, transportation, and assessments were rising, making more noteworthy uniqueness between a farmer’s expenses and salary. The inescapable â€Å"farm problem† of the 1920s was unpredictable. The market repaid a farmer’s expanded profitability and effectiveness with a lower expectation for everyday comforts. All in all, Americans committed an excessive number of assets: land, work, and capital, to horticulture. Thus, the flexibly of rural items far overwhelmed the interest for them. The issue, be that as it may, is a lot simpler to analyze by and large than it was during the 1920s. Contending that the issue with American agribusiness was overproduction appeared to be confusing to peers who firmly connected the free rancher with the pith of American prudence and character, somebody to be imitated, not debilitated, from expanding his harvest yields. Rather than understanding the connection between low costs and overproduction, ranchers accused their affliction for deficient credit, high loan costs, insufficient levies, and declining world exchange. Overpowered by the reality of their issues, ranchers sought the government for help. Farmers’ requests for administrative assistance ran against the well known political state of mind of the 1920s, which requested a decrease in government association in business. In addition, the developing urban character of the country debilitated farmers’ political impact. However horticulture had incredible partners in Congress. In 1921 two Republican lawmakers from Iowa, Sen. William Kenyon and Congressman L. J. Dickinson, sorted out the â€Å"farm bloc,† a bipartisan gathering of congressmen that applied political weight for enactment to reduce the farmers’ monetary wretchedness. During President Harding’s organization this administrative assembly pushed liberal credit, higher duties, and agreeable showcasing, all proposition that rewarded side effects instead of the center issues, creation surpluses and value incongruities. From 1920 to 1921, ranch costs fell at a disastrous rate. The cost of wheat, the staple harvest of the Great Plains, fell by practically a large portion of; the cost of cotton, still the backbone of the South, fell by three-q

Experiences of Families of Child/Children

The specialist needs to know the battles, preliminaries, provisos and issues that families experience and experience concerning their youngster with the instance of Emotional Disorder. The analyst notice that this issue has various classifications and types, and it is as indicated by the sort and level of seriousness. I. e. Bi polar condition, oppositional resistant, uneasiness issue and the over the top habitual issue. These four sorts are additionally iincluded in the two significant kinds of the confusion, the externalizing or what we get carrying on, and the disguising which we call acting in.In option the analyst needs to know how the groups of these youngsters handle the circumstance of their children. The obstacles and the preliminaries that they are looking as they constantly experience the issues that this incapacity brought not exclusively to the kid, yet in addition in their families. The specialist likewise need to discover a few different ways to help the groups of these kids on the most proficient method to forestall or to assist their youngsters with going out in this skirmish of inability, what underpins, intercessions, treatment and other related administrations that will truly assist them with intervening the disability.The scientist accepts that distinctive mental treatment will forestall the turmoil to be expansive to the kids and it will decrease the various issues and factors that will trigger the handicap to turn out to be increasingly dynamic. All the more in this way, groups of these youngsters can be likewise a major assistance to forestall the inability that their child or girl is encountering. This examination will assist us with seeing the issues and encounters of the families who has a part with enthusiastic conduct issue, and how small can forestall this incapacity. B. Reasonable FrameworkChild/Children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder ( EBD) Problems and Interventions vv Families and Society * Insults * Teasing * Neglect * Rud e remarks * Offensive comments v The worldview talks about the encounters and impacts of Child/youngsters with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder to the family and society where they have a place. The issues experienced by these youngsters, and the potential intercessions that could be made to assist families with this sort of confusion. C. Proclamation of the Problem 1. What is Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder? 2.What are the impacts of Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder to developing kid/kids to the family/society where he/she have a place/s 3. What are the potential intercessions to be made so as to assist families with Child/kids with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. D. Speculations 1. Invalid speculation †There is no incredible effect and issue on the family and society of kids with enthusiastic conduct issue. 2. Operational Hypothesis †There is an incredible effect and issue on the family and society of kids with enthusiastic conduct issue. E. Noteworthiness of the studyThis st udy will concentrate on the encounters of groups of kid/kids with passionate conduct issue; it will center to the various encounters that develop to their family, the life, the various circumstances and occasions happening to their kid/youngsters. Furthermore, as parent's, what are the things that they consider, what are the anticipations that they made all together for their youngster/kids to act in way that will give them fulfillment. This examination would support the accompanying: * To the parent's/families, they would extraordinarily comprehend that having a youngster with Emotional Bbehavioral isn't an issue, rather it is a trial of patience.They will assist them with understanding the distinction of their kid so they can do mediations and could offer help to them. * To all the sstudents taking SPED, so they would incredibly comprehend on the most proficient method to deal with circumstances, and could show more persistence, love and comprehension to kids with Emotional Disord er. , that the presence of these youngsters makes their calling and occupation beneficial. * To instructors, so they would significantly value managing Child/youngsters with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. To the legislature, so they would likely make government projects to help groups of youngster/kids with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. F. Degree and Delimitations The analyst will direct meetings to the various families who have a childchildren with passionate conduct issue. The scientist will plan 20 review inquiries for the 25 respondents. The specialist will utilize the illustrative study. Questions will center for what are the troubles, what are the battles and what are the favorable circumstances and disadvantages.These following inquiries will assist the analyst with knowing what the issues that the parent's are confronting and encountering. G. Meaning of Terms 1. Passionate Bbehavioral Disorder †a condition showing at least one of the accompanying qualities over an ex tensive stretch of time and to check a degree, which unfavorably influences instructive execution. 2. Disguising Bbehavior †one of the two general classes of Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, disguising conduct mearns that it demonstrations in, models are: uneasiness, frightfulness, withdrawal and different signs of an individual’s mind-set or interior state. . Externalizing Bbehavior †one of the two general classifications of Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, externalizing conduct mearns carrying on models are: forceful, troublesome conduct and coordinated toward others. 4. Oppositional Defiant Disorder †it conflict with in each circumstance. 5. Lead Disorder †the mod and the mentality is determined. 6. Over the top Compulsive Disorder †it is an uneasiness issue, dreadful of dismissal. 7. Bipolar Disorder †it mearns that the temperament has its scenes; it goes to positive to negative, and even bad habit versa.Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Characteristics of sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder Children with passionate conduct issue are not another issue in our general public. It happens the vast majority of time among kids during the pre-pre-adult and juvenile age. There are incalculable casualties of this sort of hostility and a few people accept that this issue is a significant issue with enduring outcomes, not exclusively to the youngsters with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, yet additionally to the families wherein these kids have a place. https://donemyessay.com/youth four-kinds of-animosity/Compared with sstudents who have other instructive incapacities, sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder experience the most reduced degrees of scholastic achievement. A sum of 51% of those related to Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder drop out of school (U. S. Division of Education, 2002), and just one out of five will go to a postsecondary school (Wagner, Kutash, Duchnowski, Epstein, ; Sumi, 2005). After secondary school, individuals with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder experience unsteadiness in business and difficulties with their psychological health.Social estrangement for sstudents is exceptionally identified with tension, wretchedness, and direct issues, and sstudents who are in danger for Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder might be viewed as desolate, unlikable, inciting, and ailing in social competency. These negative qualities and results might be maintained a strategic distance from or limited with early distinguishing pr oof and intercession. Disguising and Externalizing Bbehaviors Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder is regularly distinguished in disguising or externalizing categories.Internalizing practices are related with hazardous interior sentiments, for example, uneasiness, bitterness, hesitance, frightfulness, and oversensitivity. Sstudents with externalizing practices will in general show outward conduct issues that incorporate animosity, rowdiness, forcefulness, and oppositional practices. A couple sstudents may show both disguising and externalizing practices (e. g. , an understudy with forceful practices who additionally shows some burdensome or restless emotions), however as a rule sstudents can be recognized as basically externalizing or internalizing.Screening for both disguising and externalizing practices is significant on the grounds that sstudents with disguising issues are not entirely obvious: they ordinarily make barely any order issues and keep up passing marks, albeit some may have participation issues. Educators who know about sstudents who are pulled back, on edge, frightful, and unassertive can help school groups recognize them with the goal that early intercessions can be set up. Sstudents with externalizing propensities are all the more promptly saw by teachers.Such practices as escaping one’s seat, inciting peers, acting forceful and declining to remain focused happen much of the time in sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, and those practices frequently require the teacher’s consideration or disciplinary activities. Sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder will in general have high quantities of office referrals for social offenses. Sstudents who submit one to three social offenses in 6th grade are bound to have proceeded with conduct issues in eighth grade and are more averse to be on target for secondary school graduation (Tobin ; Sugai, 1999).Gender Issues Most sstudents distinguished as in danger for or as having Emotio nal Bbehavioral Disorder are male. Shockingly this commonness happens in both the outer and inward classes, albeit male sstudents are bound to show outside practices than inner ones. This might be seen when immature guys express burdensome sentiments remotely through antagonistic relational communications. Females are recognized as being in danger less every now and again, yet when they are distinguished, they are all the more ordinarily recognized as internalizes.Because guys are significantly more prone to be distinguished as Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder or as in danger for Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, educators and managers must be certain that they are not ignoring the requirements and practices of pre-adult females in the screening procedure (Young, Sabbah, Young, Reiser, ; Rich-ardson, 2010). Natural Factors Teachers regularly notice ecological components. When sstudents show up h

Kfcs Marketing Strategy in India free essay sample

KFC IS interchangeable with chicken. It must be on the grounds that chicken is its lead item. The most recent they have on offer is the marinated hot and fresh chicken that is crrrrisp and crunchy outwardly, and delicate and delicious within. It gives you a normal Pepsi with this at simply just Rs. 39. Be that as it may, no doubt about it, while this is a fierceness over the world, and in our own special Bangalore, KFC has ensured one other thing: it doesnt need to estrange the veggie lover network that brought forth the vegan menu. It implies you can be veg but then be at KFC. KFC offers a wide scope of veggie lover items, for example, the tart, lip-smacking paneer tikka wrap n roll, the veg de-light burger, and the veg firm burger. There are munchies, for example, the fresh brilliant veg fingers and crunchy brilliant fries presented with tart sauces. We will compose a custom exposition test on Kfcs Marketing Strategy in India or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that you are veg and searching for a supper, you can consolidate the veg fingers with steaming, peppery rice and a zest curry. The mayonnaise and sauces dont have egg in them. Sharanita Keswani, Director, KFC Marketing, says the vegan menu in India came about when KFC found the nation had around 35 percent veggie lovers, and in metros, for example, Delhi and Mumbai, very nearly 50 percent. The non-veggie lover is the undeniable objective client on the grounds that, as Ms. Sharanita calls attention to, Bangalore and the remainder of south India have more than 70 percent non-vegans. Be that as it may, she additionally sees that chicken is KFCs quality. KFCs veggie lover menu is practically restrictive to India and is the most broad. Most nations either don't have a vegan menu, and some which do, have a burger and no more. In spite of influencing chicken deals, the nearness of a veggie lover menu has made the brand progressively applicable to a more extensive cross-segment of the shopper society. This is basic as we develop the brand the nation over, says Ms. Sharanita. While the vegan menu has a critical nearness in India attributable to the countrys particular tastes, and in this way the need to limit, KFCs chicken items that are normalized are likewise altered in specific respects to suit neighborhood tastes. KFC authorities state the humdinger burger in any piece of the world or unique formula chicken tastes equivalent to the chicken items depend on standard plans. While this brand standard chicken may taste the equivalent in New York or Bangalore, the sauce or fixing is changed. The chicken tenders are presented with a neighborhood sauce or the sauce of the wrap is changed to nearby tastes. What's more, most definitely Ms. Sharanita says: Making itself pertinent to neighborhood palates, KFC propelled the wrap as chicken and paneer tikka move in India. The KFC menu methodology is to adjust normalization and localisation. The localisation works in two different ways: to adjust a standard chicken item with an alternate garnish or sauce; and to have a veggie lover menu, where important, alongside the lead item, chicken. The localisation practice is embraced in each nation. The U. S. nd European markets have a customary KFC menu dependent on chicken burgers and wraps, while Asian markets like India have been increasingly test and courageous. Here, they have rice suppers, wraps, and sides. The change is basic as Asian tastes can be totally different from Western ones, Ms. Sharanita watches, including that KFC learnt early the popularity for veggie lover items in I ndia. KFC has taken consideration to keep up shields on the creation of its non-veggie lover items because of perceptions by People For Ethical Treatment of Animals that chicken were not being dealt with accommodatingly by providers. The discussion has been on throughout recent years and basic entitlements activists have provoked organizations to receive severe measures. Pankaj Batra, Director, Marketing, Indian Sub-Continent, Yum! Cafés International, watches: KFC is focused on the prosperity and others conscious treatment of chickens. We require every one of our providers to follow government assistance rules created by Yum! Cafés International, U. S. A. , with driving specialists on their Animal Welfare Advisory Council. In India, we source chicken from Venkateshwara Hatcheries Limited (Venkys), which is one of the main and regarded sorted out players in the poultry cultivating business. They additionally flexibly chicken to a few presumed inn and café networks in the nation. We regard the Indian law and our rules totally cling to them. Ms. Sharanita brings up that while KFCs brand standard items are their quality all through the world, KFC works around the center and gives buyers items with a natural taste, particularly significant in a nation like India that is home to such unmistakable and distinctive food propensities. KFCs challenge as Ms. Sharanita puts it, is to deal with a brands showcase with the correct level of adaptability in order to be solid in various and shifted item advertises

Understanding Habituation in Psychology

Understanding Habituation in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print When and Why Does Habituation Occur? The more we encounter something, the less likely we are to react By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 11, 2019 Studio MPM/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Characteristics Causes Habituation in Relationships View All Back To Top Habituation is a decrease in response to a  stimulus  after repeated presentations. For example, a new sound in your environment, such as a new ringtone, may initially draw your attention or even become distracting. Over time, as you become accustomed to this sound, you pay less attention to the noise and your response to the sound will diminish. This diminished response is habituation. Examples Habituation is one of the simplest and most  common forms of learning. It allows people to tune out non-essential stimuli and focus on the things that really demand attention. Habituation is something that happens regularly in your everyday life, yet you are probably largely unaware of it. Habituation in Daily Life: Imagine that you are in your backyard when you hear a loud banging noise from your neighbors yard. The unusual sound immediately draws your attention, and you wonder what is going on or what might be making the noise. Over the next few days, the banging noise continues at a regular and constant pace. Eventually, you just tune out the noiseIts not only sound that prompts us to become habituated. Other senses can also be affected by habituation. Another example would be spritzing on some perfume in the morning before you leave for work in the morning. After a short period, you no longer notice the scent of your perfume, but others around you may notice the smell even after youve become unaware of it. There are also psychotherapy approaches that rely on habituation. In the treatment of phobias, for example, habituating people to the source of their fear is one way to help them overcome their phobia. In exposure therapy, people are progressively subjected to things that they fear. A person who is terrified of the dark, for example, might begin by simply imagining being in a dark room. Once they have become habituated to this experience, they will expose themselves to increasingly closer approximations to the real source of their anxiety until they finally confront the fear itself. Eventually, the individual can be habituated to the stimulus so that they no longer experience the fear response. Characteristics Some of the key characteristics of habituation include: Duration:  If the habituation stimulus is not presented for a long enough period before a sudden reintroduction, the response will once again reappear at full-strength, a phenomenon known as  spontaneous recovery. So if that noisy neighbors loud banging (from the example above) were to stop and start, youre less likely to become habituated to it.  Frequency:  The more frequently a stimulus is presented, the faster habituation will occur. If you wear that same perfume every day, youre more likely to stop noticing it earlier each time.  Intensity:  Very intense stimuli tend to result in slower habituation. In some cases, such as deafening noises like a car alarm or a siren, habituation will never occur (a car alarm wouldnt be very effective as an alert if people stopped noticing it after a few minutes).  Change:  Changing the intensity or duration of the stimulation may result in a reoccurrence of the original response. So if that banging noise grew louder over time, or stopped abruptl y, youd be more likely to notice it again. Why Habituation Occurs Habituation is an example of  non-associative learning, that is, theres no reward or punishment associated with the stimulus. Youre not experiencing pain or pleasure as a result of that neighbors banging noises. So why do we experience it? There are a few different theories that seek to explain why habituation occurs, including: Single-factor theory of habituation  suggests that the constant repetition of a stimulus changes the efficacy of that stimulus. The more we hear it, the less we notice it. It becomes uninteresting to our brains, in a way.Dual-factor theory of habituation  suggests that there are underlying neural processes that regulate responsiveness to different stimuli. So our brains decide for us that we dont need to worry about that banging noise because we have more pressing things on which to focus our attention. Habituation in Relationships Habituation is a concept often applied to perceptual phenomena, but it can also have a number of different real-world applications, including on social relationships. As we grow to know people better, it is only natural that we stop noticing every little thing and become increasingly habituated to both their good and bad qualities. You might grow accustomed to habits that you initially found irritating, or even become increasingly annoyed by things that you overlooked initially. In the beginning stages of any relationship, people tend to respond more readily. Every sensation is thrilling because it is new and unfamiliar. Unfortunately, this is not a state that can last forever. Eventually, habituation sets in and people stop noticing every little thing. While habituation can lead to the thrill of a new relationship wearing off over time, it is not necessarily a bad thing. The initial passion that tends to mark the outset of a relationship typically gives way to something deeper and more lasting - a deeper, more meaningful love that is marked by friendship, support, and respect in addition to passion. Habituation in relationships can become problematic, however, when it leads to taking the other person for granted. Long-term relationships can often fall victim to this problem. Over time, you might feel that your partner does not appreciate the things that you contribute to the relationship. Or perhaps it is your partner who feels that he or she is being overlooked. So what can you do to overcome habituation and bring some of the initial spark back into your relationship? Recall those feelings from the start of your relationship. Think about the things that you first noticed and loved about your partner. Consider the things you enjoy doing together as a couple. Taking the time to notice those qualities and reintroduce those activities is a good way to reconnect.Try something new. Routines and habits can be helpful, but they can often feel stifling. Look for ways to change things up and add the zing of novelty back to your relationship. Try new activities as a couple and explore things together. It can be an interesting way of building a strong connection, as well as a means to see your partner in a new light.Practice gratitude. As you spend more and more time around your partner, it can be all too easy to focus on the things about them that you find irritating. If you focus only on these qualities, it can be extremely difficult to remain satisfied and connected. Take the time to think about the things you love about your partner. What are the qualitie s you admire most about this person? What things attracted you the most when you first met? A Word From Verywell Habituation is a natural and normal part of our experience of the world. It allows us to function in environments where we are often inundated with sensory experiences and information. Rather than being overwhelmed by all of the things that clamor for our attention, habituation allows us to pay less attention to certain elements so that we can better focus on others.   How Hedonic Adaptation Robs You of Happinessâ€"and How to Change That

Arranged marriages vs. Traditional Marriages - Free Essay Example

Marriage is regarded not only as a union of two individuals, but also as the union of two families, making them almost blood relatives (Medora 879). Marriage is the strongest and most sacred bond between two people that has the power to bring two families together as one. There are many different types of cultures and religions that practice the ceremony of marriage in different ways. The main religion in India is Hinduism, where most of the countries population practices arranged marriages. In the United States, the most popular religion is some form of Christianity, and most of the population partakes in the practice of traditional marriages. The sacrament of marriage is the most import and sacred ceremony in most religions and cultures. The strength of marriage is an indestructible bond with many unique meanings, however traditional marriage is seen as a norm compared to arranged marriages. Traditional marriage is based on how the couple meshes together and they have the ultimate decision of they want to partake in the ceremony, and arranged marriage is based on a third party, the matchmaker, who decided who will marry who. Marriage, certainly, is one of the most important events in anyones life (Gilbert 39-40). The sacrament of marriage is one of the most important decisions in a man or womens life that is going to have a huge impact on them forevermore. When the ceremony takes place, it creates a special bond between the two families that will unite them together. The man and women are about to take a huge, new step in their journey together and have new responsibilities and experiences that have never had before. The two, arranged marriages and traditional marriages, are both diverse in their own ways. Even though traditional marriages happen world wide, it is not uncommon for Hindus to still practice arranged marriages, sometimes they will travel back to their home countries just to get marries in their traditional way, arranged marriage. The support of the family will play a key role in marriages, and how it will turn out. There are times in traditional marriages where the relatives will not like the choice of their son or daughters spouse. Not having full support from their family is a weakness in traditional marriages. In arranged marriages, where the parent chose your spouse, there is a greater chance of having the familys full support. For example, most Indian youths do not believe that they have the experience, knowledge, or wisdom to select a prospective mate (Medora 879). Children growing up in India are more dependent on their parents and elders compares to the children in other countries that practice traditional marriages. With this being said, children growing up where arranged marriages are their norm, they are not as independent as the children who will partake in traditional marriages in their future. Children growing up in India or around this culture, will entrust or rely on their parents and their a pproval. With this being said, it is known that arranged marriages are more likely to have more family support than traditional marriages because the family gets to chose their spouse. Traditional marriages and arranged marriage have their differences, but there are customs that are similar between the two. In the Hinduism religion, before two get married, they are to have, A priest looks at the couples horoscope to make sure their personalities are well suited. Then a lucky day is chosen for the ceremony (Ganeri 6). If two were to be married in the Catholic Church, the two who will be getting married would meet with a priest and discuss their marriage, and the future. Not only will they discus that, they will also talk about a wide variety of things, and from that the priest will decide whether or not the bride and groom to be are suited for each other. This is a great discussion for the couple in both traditional and arranged marriages because this will assure the couple that they are similar in their beliefs and what they want in their life.

Essay on Diversity in Organizations - 968 Words

Diversity in Organizations BUS 610: Organizational Behavior May 24, 2011 Diversity is the state of being different or having variety. Diversity is more than having individuals who represent different ethical backgrounds. Diversity is also comprised of having a variety of individuals who represent differences in ages, race, physical abilities and even gender. Being diverse is an essential part of operating a business. Employers have the ability to solicit creative ideas and implement them into successful business solutions when they have a diverse pool of people to receive feedback from. The workforce today has a wide range of diversity qualities. Within the workplace everyone has to communicate with one another. Communicating in†¦show more content†¦Management should take the initiative to explain to employee’s that the organization will employ individuals who exemplify differences such as in race, gender, and even age. This would help minimize any misunderstandings and decreases prejudices of what the organizations overall standards are. Diversity is a driving force of organizations today. It is very rare that you will find organizations that have individuals who are all the same gender or even race. So it is important that management embrace the idea of having diversity in their organizations. In order for employees and managers to accept diversity they should not have an attitude of ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s native country, culture, language, and modes of behavior are superior to all others (Kinicki, 2010, p. 65). Ethnocentrism can be very negative for business. All cultures are ethnocentric, some more so than others. Ethnocentrism, in fact, can enhance group solidarity within a society and is often used by corrupt national or ethnic leaders as a means of building or consolidating power and excluding outsiders (O’Rourke, 2010, p. 288). In order for mangers to minimize ways of thinking that does not effectively embrace differences they could increase cultural a wareness, more education, international experience, and make a conscious effort to value cultural diversity. R. Roosevelt Jr. suggests that there are eight characteristics that can be taken intoShow MoreRelatedDiversity Organization1367 Words   |  6 Pagesanization Diversity Organization Robert McReynolds University of Phoenix Diversity Organization For many years, Americans have held certain opinions concerning gender, sex, women, and sexual orientation. A definition of both gender and sex will be provided. The roles of women throughout American history will be discussed. When people think about masculinity and femininity, they have certain preconceived ideas. How these ideas contribute to the understanding gender, sex, and sexual orientationRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Of An Organization1204 Words   |  5 PagesIn a survey, 24 executives were asked way advancing diversity in their organizations was so important to them. The majority believe â€Å"it was a business imperative because their companies needed it to stay competitive, and they believed it was a moral imperative because of their companies needed of their personal experiences and values† (Broysberg Connolly, 2013). Steve Reinemund was the first senior leader at PepsiCo to focus on diversity and inclusion from a perspective of changing the entire cultureR ead MoreDiversity Organizations Paper1086 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity Organizations Paper Dagenais J. Garrett Eth/125 October 19, 2014 Maria Watts Diversity Organizations Paper Throughout most of history, women have endured so much. They almost always had fewer legal rights and career opportunities. The main professions tied to women were wifehood and motherhood. According to Womens History in America (1995), â€Å"Women were long considered naturally weaker than men, squeamish, and unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual developmentRead MoreCultural Diversity in an Organization682 Words   |  3 Pagesworkforce diversity acknowledges the reality that people differ in many ways, visible or invisible, mainly age, gender, marital status, social status, disability, sexual orientation, religion, personality, ethnicity, and culture, (p. 235.). These differences will vary from place to place, and from organization to organization. Therefore, the human resources management must respond to the situational variables, not making generalizations about the needs of the organization to promote diversity and theRead MoreThe Diversity Of A Multicultur al Organization1224 Words   |  5 Pagesmulticultural organization Historically, diversity in the workplace was seen as an employment equity issues. As the years passed by, it all changed. The surge of globalization has needed the collaboration among people of different backgrounds and cultures. Nowadays, organizations are now creating a diverse workforce beyond just gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality. Many U.S. organizations are embracing women, ethnic minorities, and foreign-born employees more than ever before in history. Diversity callsRead MoreManagement of Diversity in Organization2147 Words   |  9 PagesManagement of Diversity in Organization Abstract Organizations have been becoming increasingly diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality. This diversity brings substantial potential benefits such as better decision making, greater creativity and innovation, and more successful marketing to different types of customers. But, increasing cultural differences within a workforce also bring potential costs in higher turnovers, interpersonal conflicts, and communicational breakdowns.Read MoreThe Diversity And New Organization911 Words   |  4 PagesLiving to Serve† is the FFA motto. Some people do not know what the letters FFA stand for. They also do not know the history that is behind the national organization. What FFA means. FFA used to stand for the Future Farmers of America (What is FFA, Nov.3, 2015). Now the official name is the National FFA Organization (National FFA Organization records, 1916-2008, Nov. 3, 2015). Some people think that FFA is just for students who want to be a farmer or are a farm (What is FFA, Nov.3, 2015). TheseRead MoreDiversity Of Income : An Organization1644 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity of income: it has been revealed that continued reliance on charity, though sufficient, has limited the work that the center is able to do. By transforming the center into a profitable business where charity income becomes another option rather than the only option, the center can be able to dictate its day to day operations much better. This means transforming the culture of the center, so that focus is on limiting costs while at the same time increasing quality in order to generate higherRead MoreAn Organization Of Values Diversity1656 Words   |  7 PagesAn organisation that values di versity will gain a positive reputation, the way it’s seen by potential employees and organisations. Valuing diversity can attract candidates it shows an organisation practises employment discrimination; in line with the Equality Act 2010 protecting employees against discrimination, race, age, gender, ethnicity, disability, religion or sexuality. If a company wishes to expand worldwide, a diverse workforce can improve communication between countries that they may wishRead MoreManaging Diversity Within An Organization1674 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Diversity is often defined as a â€Å"management philosophy of recognising and valuing heterogeneity in organisations with a view to improve organisational performance† (Ozbilgin and Tatli, 2011). Hence recognising the wide variety of qualities possessed by people within an organisation and creating an environment that understands, values and utilises the differences within people. Due to the rapidly growing trends of a more diverse workforce, diverse market and globalisations of businesses,

Comparing Dr. Faustus And Marlowe And Mamet - 983 Words

The story of Faust has inspired creative works for hundreds of years. The myth features an ambitious and intelligent man, usually a scholar, who desires more than his current situation can offer him and so makes a dangerous pact with the devil. Interpretations of this story range from classical music and opera to paintings and cartoons. From Goethe to Radiohead, Dr. Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and the chaos this desire produces have captivated artists of all disciplines. This paper will examine two theatrical depictions of this myth. A little more than 400 years separate the original productions of Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus and David Mamet’s Faustus, but both plays feature the bare†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it is this paper’s aim to examine some of the similarities and differences in Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus and David Mametâ€⠄¢s Faustus, specifically the presence of religious practices in these two texts. Christopher Marlowe wrote The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus during the Elizabethan Era, and the original production is said to have occurred in 1592 (David M. Bevington i). Queen Elizabeth I’s reign was one of religious conflict, political turmoil, and brilliant works by artists and therefore, church and state cannot be considered separately when discussing Elizabethan England. Her majesty was not only the commander, but also the head of the church. Under her reign, every English citizen was required by law to attend liturgical services. Membership to the church was a birthright and an obligation, as inescapable as participation in the political body of the commonwealth (Collinson 74-75). To illustrate, Richard Hooker offers an excellent image for Marlowe’s society: church and state resembled the sides or the base of a triangle (Hooker 336). Now, specifically, Calvinism was rapidly becoming the accepted doctrine in Elizabethan England, and the reli gious elements present in Marlowe’s version of Faust are almost certainly rooted in Calvinism. In the beginning of the play, Dr. Faustus dismisses his previous education as unfulfilling and makes a point to reject Divinity. This abhorrence of

Definition Of Beauty Essay - 829 Words

When you hear the word beauty or beautiful what do you think of? The way a person looks the way they are on the inside, or is it not even a human but things in nature. The definition of beauty has a very broad definition everyone has their own meanings their own thoughts on the subject. After a lot of research and interviewing two people getting the perspective of a male who I am very close to and a female who is just a girl in my class I have finally come to some kind of idea of what the word beauty really means. Also I will be finding out what the meaning of ugly is as well to understand what is and is not beautiful. Looking at the views of myself and two other people it really opened my eyes to how everyone has their own point of†¦show more content†¦If that is your definition of beauty what is your definition of ugly? In summary is it someone who is not a good person someone who is mean and lies. Something I learned from this interview is that it is not about what is on the outside, its about what is on the inside how a person acts not what their skin looks like, not what their wear or how well they do their makeup. All of those things are pretty, but it is not who they are, they could be pretty, but have an ugly heart, and that can make someone ugly in the eyes of other. These two interviews have opened my eyes into a new way of thinking. Beauty is a Kind and unique person and is different in their own way, looks aren’t everything. After I learned these things from actually speaking to people I did research online and read some interesting articles about what the meaning of beauty is. The definition of beauty is a concept that has haunted poets, artists and academics for centuries. In the 18th century beauty was the single most important idea in the history of aesthetics if you weren’t beautiful you were nothing since then not much has changed many women think in order to be beautiful you need to have perfect skin and perfect hair w ell the perfect body you need to be like the girls in the magazines because those are the girls that are happy. But not exactly I watched a ted talk called Looks aren’t everything. Believe me I’m a model. and on it was a model the type of girl everyShow MoreRelatedThe Definition of Beauty Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis Essay #2 The definition of beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty has negative and positive influences on mostly people. Beauty is described by the inside and outside of us. Due to beauty, our self-esteem has been hurt dramatically, especially towards girls. Beauty is not always about our outside looks but it’s about our inside personality also. First of all, beauty hasRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty The ways people view beauty have changed over time. Beauty has many definitions, and so many people think about it in different ways. Some people like external beauty and some like internal beauty and many people like both together. Beauty controls how people live and think, but it depends on which definition of beauty they choose to believe in. We live in a world that misunderstands the true meanings of pretty much everything. Thousands of years ago people knew and understood what theRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagestime? Most people judge beauty base on a person’s physical appearance. However, true beauty sis base on a person’s personality and a how a person treat someone else. The hardest thing is to describe beauty because everyone has their own views about beauty. In my opinion beauty has more to with the way someone see portray themselves. The expression â€Å"beauty† was first used in the 14th century as â€Å"physical attractiveness,† and also â€Å"goodness, courtesy.† The meaning of beauty also came from many placesRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is beauty? How do we decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of information telling us what is beautiful, but that fact is that information based on? The topic of beauty has been studied, analyzed and controversial for centuries. We all know the feeling you can have when you hear a beautiful song that brings joy to your heart, stands in a field of flowers that excites your eyes, or admires a face that is visually pleasing. As human beings, we are all drawn to beauty, but whatRead MoreThe Definition of Beauty Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertising to tell us what is beautiful and what is not. Whether we realize it or not, beauty is ultimately defined for us. Products are advertised all around us, tel ling us that something in our life is missing because we do not have a certain product in our possession. Ranging from make-up to plastic surgery, most of this advertising is geared toward women. This can be shown through the advertisements analyzed in this essay. Both ads depict women who are approachable. The older ad depicts simplicity andRead MoreDefinition Of Beauty Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesBeauty is commonly defined as the combination of qualities that pleases our senses, mostly our sight. Despite this, throughout many years, the concept of beauty has been considered one of the hardest riddles to solve. This happens not only because of all of what it covers, but also because of society’s beauty patterns. Society has been in charge in making people, mostly girls, to feel inferior because they do not complete this â€Å"beauty standards† in order to be considered beautiful. We need to beRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is beauty ? How do we define who is attractive and who is not? Is it the models posing on the front of magazine, or the confident, bright eyed person sitting across the room? Our society and media is full of advice telling us what beauty is or how to become beautiful. As human beings we are drawn to beauty, but what exactly is beauty? The phrase, â€Å"beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† is accurate since what one may consider beautiful can vary from what another may consider beautiful. SomeRead MoreAn Extended Definition of Beauty Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe subjective element of beauty involves judgment, not opinion. Many people feel beauty is only something seen by the eyes. St. Thomas Aquinas views beauty in both the supernatural and natural orders. Aquinas lists the attributes of beauty to be found in nature. These are; unity, proportion, and clarity. We will see how these attributes of beauty are seen through the eye and felt by the heart. To begin, the concept of unity follows the Aristotelian proposition that nothing can be added to or takenRead MoreBeauty Extended Definition Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesBeauty is something that can be interpreted completely different from person to person. A famous quote that goes along with this perfectly is â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder.† I think a person’s inner beauty should be taken into account when deciding whether or not a person is beautiful. Wikipedia’s definition of beauty is, â€Å"a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure or satisfaction† while Oxford Dictionary states, â€Å"beautyRead MoreHistorical Definitions of Beauty Essay2392 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout history, beauty in a person has been defined as someone with the physical appearance that was pleasant to the eye. Although beauty varies among different cultures and areas, people who are youn ger, with average looking symmetrical features, well proportioned bodies, along with some combination of inner beauty, are considered beautiful. The more average a persons’ features are to society the more attractive that person appears to be. Charles Darwin’s cousin, Francis Galton, was the first

An Analysis Of The Torso Of Aphrodite - 870 Words

During my visit to the Tampa Museum of Art, I observed and viewed various pieces from The Classical World exhibit. While I observed numerous works, I was drawn to a specific piece due to its uniqueness when compared to the other pieces in the exhibit. In this paper, I will be describing The Torso of Aphrodite, using my own viewpoints and the elements of formal art analysis, in order to explain the uniqueness when compared to other pieces in The Classical World exhibit. The Torso of Aphrodite was constructed in the 1st century A.D. and is made entirely of marble. The torso used to belong to a life-sized version statue of The Greek goddess of love Aphrodite. From the moment I saw this piece, I knew I was attracted to it in a deeper way. It†¦show more content†¦As the robe simultaneously conceals and reveals, it blends nicely into the lower part of her torso. Her body is proportioned smoothly, with no areas of obvious fault or imperfection. I think having those sensual characteristics adds to her overall beauty. This sculpture is comprised of marble, and due to its large size it was easier for me to develop an impression about the piece because I can focus on specific parts in more detail. To understand the piece, a very visual and detailed perspective is needed. Judging by the way the thighs are represented, it appears as though she is striking a contrapposto pose, which makes her appear static. She has most of her weight shifted on her left leg, but not all of it The focal point of this piece I believe is her robe. It skillfully falls down her left side, while leaving other parts exposed, drawing the main attention of this piece. Few different types of shapes are displayed, except the shape of her legs and the form of the robe. The physical texture was smooth throughout the entire piece, partly due to the material it is made of. There is only this one texture, as her robe and body parts all feel the same. The title of this piece is â€Å"Torso of Aphrodite/Venus†. This piece was discovered outside of Rome in 1771. Afterwards, it was purchased by a wealthy English collector, who displayed it in his home. Today, the piece resides at theShow MoreRelatedThe Tampa Museum Of Art1308 Words   |  6 Pagestrip, the museum’s activities, and what was on exhibit. After which, I will choose two works of art and preform an analysis on them. I will employ the formal elements and the principles of design to engage the first piece, â€Å"The Great Journey†. With my second choice â€Å"A Group of Cubans who left Manzanillo are Rescued at Sea†, I will discuss how applying an alternative contextual analysis would help in understanding the meaning behind the painting more. The museum was celebrating â€Å"Family Day†Read MoreAnalysis Of Thomas F. Mathews The Mistake Of The Emperor Mystique1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe paper serves as a critical analysis of Thomas F. Mathews’ â€Å"The Mistake of the Emperor Mystique† chapter in his book The Clash of Gods: A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art. The scope of the analysis extends only to the chapter, the works included in the chapter and some supplemental sources by other art historians. It examines Mathews’ central argument and auxiliary claims, paying attention to his use of sources. Additionally it probes the validity of his assertions, drawing comparisonsRead MorePlato s Theory Of Love1789 Words   |  8 Pages Plato was a philosopher from Classical Greece and an innovator of dialogue and dialect forms which provide some of the earliest existing analysis of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Among some of Plato s most prevalent works is his dialogue the Symposium, which records the conversation of a dinner party at which Socrates (amongst others) is a guest. Those who talk before Socrates share a tendency to celebrate the instinct of sex and regard love (eros) as a god whose goodnessRead MoreSocratess Theory Of Love1818 Words   |  8 Pageswhich provide some of the earliest existing analysis of political questions from a philosophical perspective. Among some of Plato s most prevalent works is his dialogue the Symposium, which records the conversation of a dinner party at which Socrates (amongst others) is a guest. Those who talk before Socrates share a tendency to celebrate the instinct of sex and regard love (eros) as a god whose goodness and beauty they compete (Naugle, 2016). However, Socrates sets himself apart from this beliefRead MoreCulture And Cultural Artifacts : The Phallus And The Vulva1878 Words   |  8 Pagesword â€Å"gymnasium† is actually derived from gymnà ³s, the Ancient Greek term for à ¢â‚¬Å"naked† (Friedman, 18). This great respect for the male form was embodied in the numerous kouroi, statues of nude young males consisting of a flaccid penis and muscular torso, that stood throughout the Greek world along with hermae, consisting of a stone head of Hermes above a square stone pillar with an erect phallus. By 500 B.C., most Athenians had a hermae at their front door (Friedman, 18). In addition, the AncientRead MoreThe Animal Kingdom, Animals Find A Mate For Procreation On The Basis Of Natural Selection2182 Words   |  9 PagesFrancois-Andre Vincent Zeuxis Choosing as Models the Most Beautiful Girls of the Town of Crotona. In the painting, a Greek artist lines up all the beautiful women of Crotona in order to combine all of their individual best features to create the Greek god Aphrodite. The painting shows the impossibility of perfect person, as this ideal person would have to host an amalgamation of superior qualities that most if not all the times are not simultaneously present in one body . Grotesques are ugly, comically warped

The Influence of Globalization on Movies Free Essays

The Influence of Globalization on movies Nowadays, movies, which are the most important entertainment of people, has spent much more money and time than before by a growing number of people. Different kinds of new movies play nearly everyday; and the way to watch a movie isn’t confined to the cinema. Along with the improvement of digital postproduction and digital effect is applied to the movies, they make people to be personally on the scene when you watch a movie. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Globalization on Movies or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the past twenty years, the changes of the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have already influenced entertainment for people deeply. As we know, globalization on movies and films’ changes in the past twenty years had an effect on people’s daily life, so it was the reason for choosing this topic. We worked out six questionnaires about the project after deciding on the topic. We had 3 yes/no questions, for instance, do you like watching movies, how many movies do you watch per month and traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. In addition, we had a multiple choice in our survey, it is â€Å"Which kind of films do you like†. Besides these, two open questions were chosen, one is â€Å"What aspects of movie do you think have changed? †, another is â€Å"Which ways do you often watch movies? †. Our group planned to ask 12 people to answer the questions when we were finishing the questionnaires, so each group’s member needed to ask 3 people about the questions. Only my roommates were asked, and all questions were answered by a pencil. These men who were asked to answer the questions because of convenience; I could take up too much of their time to explain the project, the topic and the detail of the questions, too. The result was collected together when we finished asking the questions. The outcome of our survey is that all the interviewees like to watch movies. However, half of them watch movies less than 5 per month, nearly half of the interviewees watch 6 to 10 movies per month . Only one interviewee watches movies more than 20 per month. Disaster film and comedy film are the most popular movies among the interviewees, many people watch science fiction film and cartoon film as well. Fewer interviewees like watching crime film. A majority of people consider that movies’ theme need to change most because they want to watch a variety of movies. Meanwhile, the way to watch a movie is infinite variety, such as internet, at home by a DVD, cinema and web TV phone. Most interviewees also believe that traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. It can be seen from the survey’s figures that the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have changed most in the past twenty years. Over the past days, only cinema was supplied for people who wanted to watch a movie. But now, more and more people watch movies at home through Family Cinema and computer because they make people comfortably. People can sit on the sofa even or lie in bed to watch a movie, and they are able to have some food and drink at the same time. However, in my opinion, movies’ changes which affect entertainment of people most is movie technology, particularly is computer digital special effects’ appearance. Digital special effect is not only a supplement for film editing, it have already penetrated into every aspect of movies, such as screenplay, scene, stage-ties and postproduction. The directors’ imagination is also at liberty to gallop on through the digital special effect. It makes people to be personally on the scene and shock each audience’s ghost. There is no doubt that people’s daily life is closed related to movies, and they play a very significant role in people’s entertainment life. Movies’ changes have never terminated in the past twenty years, and film industry has undergone enormous changes. How to cite The Influence of Globalization on Movies, Papers

Microbiology Steps in Adenoviral DNA

Question: What is latency, and which viruses have the potential for latency and why? Why are vaccines for influenza not always effective? Define cytopathic effect. How do viruses differ from bacteria? List the eight human herpesviruses, describe their similarities, and how they affect humans. Describe each of the hepatitis viruses, include nucleic acid type, transmission, and effect on humans. Answer: Describe how viruses multiply. Viruses do not have enzymes for protein or energy production. A virus multiplies by invading host cells and directing the host machinery to produce viral enzymes, proteins and nucleic acids. Its uses host cells ATP storage to power through the processes (IbriimoviĆ¡ et al.,2013). What is latency, and which viruses have the potential for latency and why? Latency is the capacity of some viruses to lie dormant in a host cell for a prolonged period (Sin Dittmer, 2013). Several eukaryotic viruses including herpesviridae and retroviridae show latency. Latency is a part of certain virus life cycle. After initial infection, the viral particles stop proliferating and any reaction with the host cell stops. Why are vaccines for influenza not always effective? The effectiveness of influenza vaccines depend upon age, risk group and health of the patient. The year and the time also influence the effectiveness of flu vaccine. Define cytopathic effect. When viral infections cause structural changes in host cells, the resulting effect is called cytopathic effect. The virus lyses the host cell and treats it as its own reproductive unit. How do viruses differ from bacteria? Bacteria have ribosome while viruses do not, bacteria have cell wall but viruses do not have cell wall, bacteria reproduce by fission while viruses reproduce by invading host cells. These are the few differenced between bacteria and viruses. List the eight human herpes viruses; describe their similarities, and how they affect humans. The eight human herpes viruses are: HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or VZV, HHV-4, HHV-5, HHV-6A and 6B, HHV-7, HHV-8 HHV-1,2 and 3 are from the alpha subfamily. Whereas HHV-5,6A, 6B and HHV-7 are from the beta subfamily and HHV-4 as well as HHV-8 are from the gamma subfamily. HHV-1 and 2 cause oral and genital herpes, HHV-3 cause chickenpox and shingles, HHV-4 causes a number of infectious disease. The other viruses affect also cause infections. HHV-1: site of latency-neuron, transmission-sexual contact, effect-oral/genital herpes HHV-2: site of latency-neuron, transmission-sexual contact, effect- oral/genital herpes HHV-3: site of latency-neuron, transmission-respiratory and close contact, effect- chicken pox and shingles HHV-4: site of latency-B-cell, transmission- close contact, transfusion, tissue transplant and congenital, effect- infectious diseases HHV-5: site of latency-monocyte and lymphocyte, transmission- saliva, urine and breast milk, effect- infectious mononucleosis-like symptom HHV-6A and B: site of latency-T-cell, transmission-Respiratory and close contact, effect- sixth disease HHV-7: site of latency-T-cell, transmission- not decided, effect- roseola infantum HHV-8: site of latency-B-cell, transmission- close contact, effect- Kaposis Sarcoma, etc. Describe each of the hepatitis viruses, include nucleic acid type, transmission, and effect on humans. HEP A HEP B HEP C HEP D HEP E HEP F HEP G Nuclei Acid Type SSRNA DNA SSRNA Negative sense SSRNA SSRNA - SSRNA Transmission Faeco-oral route Blood bourne Blood bourne Faeco-oral route Faeco-oral - Faeco-oral Effect on Humans Fever, Jaundice, Altered LFT Fever, Hepatitis leading to fulmina failure More chronic hepatitis, fever, Jjaundice, altered LFT Fever, Altered LFT, Jaundice Fever, Altered LFT, Jaundice - Mild to no symtptoms References IbriimoviĆ¡, M., Lion, T., Klein, R. (2013). Combinatorial targeting of 2 different steps in adenoviral DNA replication by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and artificial microRNA expression for the inhibition of virus multiplication in the presence of ganciclovir.BMC biotechnology,13(1), 1. Sin, S. H., Dittmer, D. P. (2013). Viral latency locus augments B-cell response in vivo to induce chronic marginal zone enlargement, plasma cell hyperplasia, and lymphoma.Blood,121(15), 2952-2963.

Reaching the Peak of my Mountain free essay sample

Being enrolled into elementary school marked the day that the first brick on my pathway would be cemented to the ground never to be removed again. This marked just the beginning of my thirteen years of paperwork to prove my work ethic and intelligence to my peers and colleagues.However, working and worrying about other matters during these years seemed to occupy my workspace. I didn’t always care for grades and the ever so critical GPA that determines everything. Even though my grades aren’t the best of the century, I know I’m not a quitter. Just a few months ago in the summer of 2014, I remember a challenging task that I didn’t think would teach me such a great life lesson. Being with my friends in Colorado, visiting our friend that recently moved there for his dads work. Like any other person from Texas, seeing a mountain can be breathtaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaching the Peak of my Mountain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being in the youth age, I immediately wanted to reach the peak of a mountain once we settled into my friend’s home. Once we arrived to a mountain suitable for us to climb, looking at it from the basin truly made me feel meaningless to the scale of the Mountain, the Earth, and the Cosmos.Already, the altitude in Colorado knocks the breath out of me within just a few steps. Continually climbing upwards using my hands and feet for over four hours was one of the most difficult things I could have ever imagined. Although looking back now, the challenge improved me. Halfway up the mountain, once we found a clear spot for a beautiful scenery spot just seeing the size of our car at the bottom was jaw dropping.I wanted to keep going up the mountain to reach the peak and view a full panorama of the world around me. Things just got more challenging though, I kept wanting to turn around and travel down the mountain, but my friends kept continuing forward, so I couldn’t turn back now.We finally hit the steepest part of the mountain with rocks attached to breakable soil. I remember grabbing a rock to pull myself up, and when I was halfway up the rock it broke away from the surface which caused me to fall and slide into a tree. That fall made me realize I’m not immortal, and one wrong slip and my gravestone will be calling my name short noticed. I immediately stood up and marched onwards. Nearing the peak of the mountain was the most memorable thing I could ever experience, the clouds were just a few hundred feet above us, and we could see over the mountains across the valley leading to even more massive peaks covered with snow during the summer. Seeing Highway 70 with the ant line never stopping or ending, that is when I truly felt like a spec in this universe. Now I know this story wasn’t anything special, however it showed me that no matter how steep the road ahead of me gets, and what challenges come before me, I know that I can keep climbing no matter what. As long as I have the motivation to keep going, nothing is going to get in my way. The peak of the mountain symbolizes a milestone in the things I would like to achieve in life; I want to leave my footprint everywhere. I was put on this planet for a reason, and I intend to find out why.

Why Students Are Turning to Profile Samples in Their Essay Writing

Why Students Are Turning to Profile Samples in Their Essay WritingStudents everywhere are finding that essay samples essays are a valuable resource. These tools can offer insights to essay topics and practice essay subjects, and they are an important part of the academic writing process. Many students avoid using essay samples because they feel that they aren't used to the process of essay writing, but this is not the case.First, profiles can help students prepare for their essay by giving them practice in the actual writing of the essay. They give students ideas about how to structure the essay, how to organize their thoughts, and what to keep from them, including any anecdotes or other information. Essay samples help students when they need to write in a particular format or style. Even if they're not very familiar with it, the tips on how to conduct the essay and how to write it will be easy to learn from these samples.The second reason why essay writers and editors are using prof ile samples is that they offer information that is not readily available on the Internet. On the Internet, one usually finds information about current events in current affairs, which cannot be found in profile samples. Profile samples are helpful because they are usually from actual students or adults who have done the work and turn them in to the submission service. Profiles are designed to demonstrate how to do a sample essay, and thus they provide a much needed bridge between students and essay writing.The third reason why essay editors and writers are using profile samples is that they are useful in providing tools that can be used for other essay writing projects. Essay samples can be used in other formats, as well, including not only a profile sample but also how to write a research paper, a thesis statement, and a dissertation. If a student has an idea about how to structure an essay, and can come up with an essay topic of their own, then they will be able to use a profile s ample to begin writing.Some writers and editors also prefer using profile samples for their own use. While some people look at profile samples and see a list of all the things that should be in the essay, others enjoy looking at a profile sample because they feel like they're not only getting ideas from it, but from someone who is actually doing the writing themselves. This can be a great feeling for anyone.So, what is the best way to learn how to use profile samples? The answer is to try to go through several profiles so that you understand the guidelines for writing a profile. Once you have a good understanding of how to structure an essay, you can then ask a friend or family member to write a profile for you.The basic thing that you need to know about writing a profile, then, is that the profile samples should be tailored for the type of person that they are intended for. This means that the profile should speak directly to the reader and provide them with an insider's insight in to the life of the person that the profile is written for. It should also provide the student with useful information about the character, accomplishments, and lifestyle of the person so that the reader will be more interested in the student than simply on his or her good qualities.These are just a few reasons why students are turning to profile samples. If you are looking for a place to find a lot of great advice and insight, you should definitely consider signing up for a subscription to our free essay writing tips.

The Society Within Romania and Trompenaars principles †History Essay

The Society Within Romania and Trompenaars principles – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Society Within Romania and Trompenaars principles History Essay The Power Distance Power distance describes the degree of equality between different people within a particular society or group. Also described Hofstede, as: â€Å"power distance is the extent to which people expect and are willing to accept that power is distributed unequally. Inequality of power is a basic fact of life. It cannot be 100% eliminated. It is impossible to have no power distance, because this means that everyone is exactly equal (skills, actions, genetics etc) unless you are on about a bunch of identical lumps of rocks. Inequality can take many forms – the differences of physical and mental characteristics, social status and prestige, wealth, political power, rights, privileges etc. All of these are somewhat independent of each other, and in fact the link between them is culturally dependant. Not to put too fine a point on it, Romania is obviously a country with a high power distance. First of all, Romanians seem to expect differences in power between people, yet they are often cynical about personas in positions of authority. They love to ridicule authority and people in position of power. For example, the president of the country is said to be the most popular person among the population due to his hilarious way of behaving in different situations. Furthermore, offices in Romania are ruled by formality. Subordinates are rarely allowed to call their supervisors by their first name. The same thing happens in schools too. While in American schools one can find sheer informality, in Romania is exactly the opposite. If the society wants a lower power distance level, someone should take steps to make this exaggerated formality from schools a thing of the past. In addition, even the ways to say HELLO in Romania are bound to follow up certain rules. For example, if you are the secretary you can’t greet the same way your working colleagues and your boss. Greetings are subject to the same strict rules of formality and informality. Some extremely important consequences of a high power distance level are the sudden changes in government and the autocratic / absolutist governments. In days gone by, this has been more than obvious in our country. Let’s think of the 1989 Revolution when the Communist leaders were killed. In this day and age we find a certain polarization of left / right wing parties which is another consequence of a high power distance. If we now summarize, it stands to reason that Romania has a high power distance level. INDIVIDUALISM Individualism – this dimension focuses on the degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. If a country has a high Individualism score, this indicates that individuality and individual rights are dominant. Individuals in these societies tend to form relationships with larger numbers of people, but with the relationships being weak. A low individualism score points to a society that is more collectivist in nature. In such countries, the ties between individuals are very strong and the family is given much more weight. In such societies members lean towards collective responsibility. In my opinion, Romania is among the most individualistic countries in the world. First of all, the combination of this individualism with the communist emphasis upon engineering and task skills has resulted in a nation with almost no sense of what the sociologist Ulrich Beck refers to as â€Å"the other†. People do not give much consideration to their group needs when making decisions. Witness the selfishness if the political class, or the greed of the national business elite, both on the back of great poverty and exploitation. Too frequently do Romanians show little concern for pride in their own work. This leads the task element of leadership being measured in quantitative rather than qualitative terms. For example, people often ask themselves â€Å"Did I finish all my paperwork† rather than â€Å"How much value did I add by doing so?† . Journalists, for example, complain every day about their subjects (politicians) but they do not take personal responsibilities for their own actions. Whilst such complaints can be heard the world over, the scale of the problem is more widespread, deep rooted and damaging here than anywhere else. Apart from this, there is another issue to present. Whenever something goes wrong in Romania, there is a strong tendency for people to consider themselves as victims of circumstance, which leads to two subsequent effects. First of all, they exhibit passivity in the face of gross public abuses. Secondly, they have the tendency to find outsiders to blame. This can be proved by a very good example: the Emma Nicholson scandal over children’s homes. Rather than face the issue, the country seemed to unite in outrage at how this foreign woman dared to expose the things that we don’t speak about. This, of course, underlines the weakness of the society. UNCERTIANTY AVOIDANCE Uncertainty avoidance – this dimension concerns the level of acceptance for uncertainty and ambiguity within a society. A country with a high uncertainty avoidance score will have a low tolerance towards uncertainty and ambiguity. As a result it is usually a very rule-orientated society and follows well defined and established laws, regulations and controls. A low uncertainty avoidance score points to a society that is less concerned about ambiguity and uncertainty and has more tolerance towards variety and experimentation. Such a society is less rule-orientated, readily accepts change and is willing to take risks. Another definition is given by Hofstede: â€Å"uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations†. The essence of uncertainty is that is a subjective experience. But according to Hofstede, feelings of uncertainty are not only personal, but may also be partly shared with other members of society. Risk taking is an important factor, which is usually associated with entrepreneurial activity. When a cultural distance between countries increases, also will the uncertainty and the perceived risk. Romania is part of the group of countries with a high uncertainty avoidance score. A good example to prove this fact is to use Sanna Sundqvist’s study, entitled â€Å"Cross-cultural adoption of wireless communications: effects of cultural distance and country characteristics†. The study tries to analyze the cultural differences in adoption of wireless communications. In order to test the effects of cultural similarity, the study groups some countries on the basis of their cultural dimensions. Based on Hofstede indices, the 48 countries were classified using hierarchical cluster analysis into five segments. For example, cluster five contained countries like Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Netherlands, cluster four: China, Hong Kong, Singapore, cluster two: USA, Austria, U.K., Australia etc, cluster one: Argentina, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Germany etc. while cluster three had countries like Chile, Baltic countries, ROMANIA, Venezuela, Taiwan, Thailand, Peru etc. The results proved that cluster V has adopted wireless communication earliest while cluster three has adopted significantly later. This proves the fact that Romania, situated in cluster 3, is a country that does not accept changes easily. Another reason for this high level of uncertainty avoidance could be the fact that the Romanian nation is very old, and it has survived numerous wars, political upheavals and economic changes. Hence, Romanians have a greater fear of the unknown. Moreover, it is known that a country with a high uncertainty avoidance level will adopt due to imitation or in order to diminish risks and uncertainty, in Romania’s case, F the integration in the E.U. We are among the last countries to make this step. While it is true to say that we don’t have the necessary economic standards to join the E.U. I nevertheless think that from a different point of view this delay is also due to the high uncertainty avoidance level. Citizens being critical of their own nation is another characteristic feature of a country with a high uncertainty avoidance level. Romania’s population is never satisfied by any performances of the country. They always find a reason to put the negative part of an achievement in front of the positive one. MASCULINITY Masculinity – this dimension pertains to the degree societies reinforce or do not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control and power. A high masculinity score indicates that a country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation. In such cultures, males tend to dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure. A low masculinity score means a society has a lower level of level of differentiation and inequity between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women’s values differ less among societies than men’s values; (b) men’s values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women’s values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to woman’s values on the other side. The assertive pole has been called masculine and the modest, caring pole feminine. It stands to reason that Romania has a high masculinity score. To begin with, most of the VIP’s in Romania are men. The president is a man, the prime minister is a man, most of the other ministers are men, the secretaries of the state are men and so on. I would like to analyze the administration board of BNR, the national bank of my country, to prove my point. This board has the following structure: Governor: Ph.D Mugur Isarescu First Deputy Governor: Ph. D. Florin Georgescu Deputy Governor: Ph.D. Eugen Dijmarescu Deputy Governor: Ph.D. Cristian Popa Member: Ph.D. Silviu Cerna Member: Maria Ene Member: Agnes Nagy Member: Ph.D. Napoleon Pop Member: Ph.D. Virgiliu Stoenescu As we can see, 77.77% of the members are men while only 22.23% are women. Another important fact is that the inequalities between men and women in Romania are structural, rather than merely contingent, and a pervasive phenomena rather than a temporary consequences of the transition. It is a fact that the rising of unemployment has constantly affected women more than men, while women are over-represented in the lowest wage sectors of the economy (especially agriculture, healthcare and education). Furthermore, even the legislation from this country encourages masculinity. The best example to list here is the age of retirement which is not the same fro men and women. Women have lower retirement ages than men. Fewer years of contributing to the system combined with the data that indicates that women earn on average 83% of men’s earnings will result in lower average pensions for women. More worrying is the increase number of women moving from formal, paid employment to the informal sector or into unpaid family labor, situations in which it is unlikely that contributions will be made into the social, health or pensions system, resulting in a growing number of women potentially facing old age without pensions at all. The employers in Romania often regard the aspect of gender when hiring new people. For example, they prefer men engineers rather than women engineers, which is, of course, a discrimination as the only difference between men and women should be made when a job implies physical effort. By and large, I think that these characteristic features of Romania are really clear and that they are not unchangeable. In my opinion, each feature of each country varies in time. Maybe in some decades, the high level of masculinity and power distance will be a thing of the past, and we shall live in a better country with better people and smarter rules. Research Papers on The Society Within Romania and Trompenaar's principles - History EssayQuebec and CanadaCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

The History of Postage Stamps

The History of Postage Stamps Before adhesive paper stamps came along, letters were hand-stamped or postmarked with ink. Postmarks were invented by Henry Bishop and were at first called Bishop mark. Bishop marks were first used in 1661 at the London General Post Office. They marked the day and month the letter was mailed. The First Modern Postage Stamp: Penny Black The first issued postage stamp began with Great Britains Penny Post. On May 6, 1840, the British Penny Black stamp was released. The Penny Black engraved the profile of Queen Victorias head, who remained on all British stamps for the next 60 years.   Rowland Hill Invents Adhesive Postage Stamps A schoolmaster from England, Sir Rowland Hill invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first stamp in the world was issued in England in 1840. Roland Hill also created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of mail postage possible and practical. Hill had received a summons to provide evidence before the Commission for Post Office Enquiry in February 1837. In providing his evidence, he read from the letter he wrote to the Chancellor, including a statement the notation of paid postage could be created ...by using a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp and covered at the back with a glutinous wash....  This is the first publication of an unambiguous description of a modern adhesive postage stamp. Hill’s ideas for postage stamps and charging paid-postage based upon weight soon came to fruition and were adopted in many countries throughout the world. With the new policy of charging by weight, more people began using envelopes to mail documents. Hill’s brother Edwin Hill invented a prototype of the envelope-making machine that folded paper into envelopes quickly enough to match the pace of the growing demand for postage stamps. Rowland Hill and the postal reforms he introduced to the UK postal system are immortalized on several commemorative postage issues of the United Kingdom. William Dockwra In 1680, William Dockwra, an English merchant in London, and his partner  Robert Murray  established the  London Penny Post, a mail system that delivered letters and small parcels inside the city of London for a total of one penny. The postage for the mailed item was prepaid by the use of a hand-  stamp  to frank the mailed item, confirming payment of postage.   Shapes and Materials In addition to the most common rectangular shape, stamps have been printed in geometric (circular, triangular and pentagonal) and irregular shapes. The United States issued its first circular stamp in 2000 as a  hologram  of the earth.  Sierra Leone and Tonga have issued stamps in the shapes of fruit.   Stamps are most commonly made from paper designed specifically for them and are printed in sheets, rolls or small booklets. Less commonly, postage stamps are made of materials other than paper, such as  embossed  foil.